Return to LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
WOODS HOLE, MASS.
Loaned by American Museum of Natural History
P 11 0 C E E I) I X-GJ
OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
OF PHILADELPHIA.
1861.
PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED FOR THE ACADEMY 1862.
INDEX
Abbott, C. C, observations on Cottus Copei Abbott, 2, 15 ; notes on tbe habits of Aphredoderus Sayanus, 79, 95 ; on Cyprinus corporalis, &c, 152, 154 ; on Squalus americanus, referring it to tbe genus Odontaspis, 390, 399.
vEgiothus, monograph of, by Elliott Coues, 373.
Ailanthus silk-worm, remarks on, by Dr. Stewardson, 525.
Allen, Harrison, M. D., descriptions of new Pteropine Bats from Africa, 153, 156 ; description of a new Mexican Bat, 334, 359.
Anableps, description of a new species of, by T. Gill, 3 ; remarks on, by Dr. Le Conte, 21 ; observations on, by Prof. Wyman, 56.
Anculosa, description of new species of, by I. Lea, 14.
Anodontfe, descriptions of two new species of, by I. Lea, 56.
Ants, note on, by S. B. Buckley, 9.
Aphredoderus Sayanus, notes on the habits of, by C. C. Abbott, 95.
Auisotremus, by T. Gill, 105.
Aristelliger, by*E. D. Cope, 494.
Aulostomatoids, on a new type of, found in Washington Territory, 168.
Baculites, revision of the species of, by W. M. Gabb, 394.
Bats, descriptions of new Pteropine. from Africa, by H. Allen, M. D., 156 ; description of a new Mexican, by H. Allen, M. D., 359.
Binney, W. G., Catalogue of Molluscs from British N. America, 311, 330 ; notes on the Molluscs of California, 311, 331.
Blennoids, on a new generic type of, by T. Gill, 261.
Bombyx cynthia, (Ailanthus silk- worm,) remarks on, by Dr. Steward- son, 525.
Brachiopoda, synopsis of American cretaceous, by W. M. Gabb, 18.
Brown, A. D., descriptions of two new species of Helix, 311, 333.
Buckley, S. B., notes on Ants in Texas, 2, 9 ; note on the Bartram Oak, 334, 361 ; description of new plants from Texas, 391, 448.
Cassin, J., communication in reference to a new species of Goose from Arc- tic America, 72 ; descriptions of new Birds from Western Africa in the Museum of the Academy, 334, 335.
Centropyx, by E. D. Cope, 494.
Cephalopod, description of a new car- boniferous, by Wm. M. Gabb, 367.
Chsenichthyoids , synopsis of, by T. Gill, 507.
IV.
INDEX.
Clements, Dr. Richard, announcement of the death of, 58.
Clupeinae, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 33.
Coleoptera, new species of, by J. L. Le Conte, M. D., 338.
Coleopterous Fauna of Lower Cali- fornia, by J. L. Le Conte, M. D., 335.
Committees, e'ection of Standing, 20.
Cope, Edw. D., remarks on Reptiles, 73, 75 ; notes and descriptions of Anoles, 205, 208 ; contributions to the Ophiology of Lower California. 258, 292; on the Reptiles of Som- brero and Bermuda, 311, 312; on the genera Panolopus, Centropyx, Aristelliger, and Sphrerodactylus, 391, 494; observations upon certain cyprinoid fish in Pennsylvania, 522 ; on Elapomorphus, Sympholis, and Coniophanes, 524.
Corbicula, descriptions of new species
^ of, by T. Prime, 125.
Cottus Copei, observations on, by C. C. Abbott, 15.
Coues, Elliott, monograph of the Trin- geae of N. America, 153, 170 ; notes on the Ornithology of Labrador, 205, 215 ; monograph of the genus iEgi- othus, &c, 334, 373.
Crustacea, notes on certain Decapod, by Wm. Stimpson, 372.
Curators, report of, 528.
Cyclades, synonymy of the, by Temple Prime, 25.
Cynipida?, on the sex of, by Baron Osten Sacken, 150.
Cvprinoid Fish, remarks on certain, by E. D. Cope, 522.
Cyprinus corporalis, referred to genus 'Semotilus, by C. C. Abbott, 154.
Cyrena, descriptions of new species of, by T. Prime, 125.
Diatomacese, notes on, by Dr. F. W.
Lewis, 61. Durand, E., report on Dr. Linsecum's
collection of Texas plants, 98.
Edwards, Wm, H., descriptions of cer- tain species of Lepidoptera of the United States, &c, 152, lo0.
Elections, of officers, 530 ; of members and correspondents, 531.
Elliott, D. G., description of a new species of Pitta, 153.
Ennis, J., exhibited the young of Kale- mys Muhlenbergii, showing certain affinities of this genus, 124.
Evans, Dr. John T., announcement of
the death of, 77. Eventognathi, on the classification of,
by T. Gill, 6.
Fishes, on some genera of, from west- ern coast of N. America, by T. Gill, 164.
Fisher, James C, resignation of, as Librarian, 257.
Fossils, descriptions of new species of tertiary, by Wm. M. Gabb, 367 : de- scription of new cretaceous, by Wm. M. Gabb, 318, 363 ; ditto, by F. B. Meek, 314; descriptions of palaeo- zoic, from Illinois and Iowa, by Meek and Worthen, 128 ; descriptions of new cretaceous, from Vancouver and Sucia islands, by F. B. Meek, 314 ; descriptions of new palaeozoic, from Kentucky and Indiana, by S. S. Lyon, 409 ; descriptions of new lower Silurian, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary, by F. B. Meek and F. V. Hayden, 415.
Gabb, Wm. M., synopsis of American cretaceous Brachiopoda, 1, IS; re- marks on the Gryphsea calceola and the Ostrea Marshii, 21 ; announced his having discovered an outcrop of the Ripley group near Gloucester, 124 ; list of the Mollusca inhabiting the neighborhood of Philadelphia, 258, 306 ; descriptions of new cre- taceous fossils from New Jersey, &c, 311, 318 ; descriptions of new tertiary American fossils and a carboniferous cephalopod, 334, 367 ; notes on cre- taceous fossils, and descriptions of new species, 334, 363 ; monograph of the Polyzoa of the secondary and tertiary formations of N. America, 334, 335; revision of the species of Baculites described in Dr. Morton's synopsis of the cretaceous group of the United States, 390, 394.
Gastrochaenidas, synopsis of the recent species of, by G. W. Tryon, Jr., 465.
Gill, Theodore, catalogue of the Marine Fishes of the eastern coast of North America, 1 ; description of a new species of Anableps, 1, 3 ; on the classification of the Eventognathi, or Cyprini, 1, 6 ; appendix to the mo- nograph of the Phylipni, and descrip- tion of the genus Lenibus of Giinther, 2, 16; synopsis of the subfamily Clupinse, with descriptions of new
INDEX.
genera, 21, 33 ; synopsis of the sub- family Percinae, 21, 44 ; synopsis generum Rhyptici et affinium, 21, 52 ; on the identity of the genera Neoinsenis of Girard and Lutjanus of Bloch, 73, 93 ; revision of the ge- nera of SciEeninse of N. America, 73, 79 ; communication on several new generic types of fishes, 77 ; on the Haploidonotinas, 9S, 100 ; on the genus Anisotremus, 98, 105 ; ex- hibited and described two new spe- cies of marine fishes, 98 ; synopsis of the Uranoscopoids, 100, 108 ; notes on some genera of fishes of the western coast of N. America, 103, 164; on a new type of Aulostoma- toids, 153, 168 ; on the genus Podo- thecus, 258 ; description of a new generic type of Blennoids, 258, 261 ; monograph of the tridigitate Uranos- copoids, 258, 263 ; synopsis of the Polynematoids, 258, 271; synopsis of the Sillaginoids, 391, 501 ; ditto of the Notothenoids, 391, 512; ditto of the Harpagiferoids, 391, 510 ; ditto of the Chffinichthyoids, 391. 507.
Goose, communication in reference to a new species of, from Arctic Ame- rica, by J. Cassin, 72.
Graham, Col. J. D., letter from, men- tioning discovery by him of a diurnal tide in Lake Michigan, 1.
Grouse, description of a new species of, by G. Suckley, M. D., 361.
Haploidonotinse, by T. Gill, 100.
Harpagiferoids, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 510.
Hayden, F. V., M. D., description of fossils collected in Nebraska, &c, 390, 415.
Hayes, Dr. Isaac I., invitation to ad- dress the Academy in reference to his late Arctic Expedition, 334 ; com- plies with said request and places his collection at the disposal of the Academy, 335.
Helix, description of two new species of, by A. D. Brown, 333.
Hemiptera, descriptions of four species of, by P. R. Uhler, 284 ; rectification of the paper upon, of the North Pa- cific Exploring Expedition, 286. »
Homoptera, of the N. Pacific Exploring Expedition, by P. R. Uhler, 282.
Horn, George H., M. D., monograph of the Polyzoa of the secondary and
tertiary formations of the United
States, 334, 335. Huffnagle, Dr. Chas., announcement
of the death of, by Mr. Sergeant, 1. Hyporthodus flaviculata, new species
described by T. Gill, 98.
lo, descriptions of seven new spe> i<js of, by I. Lea, 393.
Kalemys, young of, exhibited by J. Ennis, showing affinities of the ge- nus, 124.
Keim, Geo. M., announcement of the death of, 150.
Kennicott, Robert, on three new forms of Rattlesnakes, 205, 206.
Lea, Isaac, descriptions of twenty-five new species of Unionidae from Ga., «xc, 21, 38 ; description of a new species of Neritina from Coosa River, Ala., 21, 55 ; descriptions of two new species of Anodouta, from Arctic America, 21, 56 ; descriptions of new species of Anodonta and Lithasia, 24, 54 ; descriptions of twelve new species of Unioiies from Alabama, 56, 59 ; exhibited specimen of slag in form of a cotton-like mass, 73 : description of new genus of Mela- niada?, &c., 77, 96 ; descriptions of forty-nine new species of the genus Melania, 100, 117 ; descriptions of new fossil Mollusca from the cre- taceous formation at Haddonfield, N. J., 124, 148 ; new Unionida? of the United States, 334, 335 ; descrip- tions of eleven new species of Unio, 391 ; descriptions of seven new spe- cies of the genus lo, 391, 393.
LeConte, John L., M. D., new species of Coleoptera of the Pacific district of the United States, 334, 338 ; Coleop- terous Fauna of Lower California, 334, 335.
Lewis, Dr. Francis W., notes on new and rare species of Diatornaceae of the United States, 56, 61.
Lewis, Dr. James, extract of a letter from, in reference to three species of Paludina in the Erie Canal, 2 ; remarks on a very sudden fall of temperature at Mohawk, N. Y., with diagram, 22 ; letter in relation to habits and growth of Unionida?, 57.
I Leidy, Dr. J., announced discovery of lignite at the border of the new red sandstone on Plymouth Creek, 77.
VI.
INDEX.
Lenibus, description of the genus, by
T. Gill, 16. Lepidoptera, on some species of, found
in the United States, &c, by Wm.
H. Edwards, 160. Lignite, discovery of, on Plymouth
Creek, 77. Linmobiaceae, descriptions of nine new,
by Baron R. Osten Sacken, 287. Liostomiufe, communication on, bv T.
Gill, 89. Lithasia, description of new species of,
by I. Lea, 54. Lutjanus, identity of, with Neoinaenis,
by T. Gill, 93. Lyon, Sidney S., description of new
Palaeozoic Fossils from Kentucky and
Indiana, 390, 409.
Mammal, Description of a new Quad- rumanous, by J. A. Slack, M. D.,463.
Markland, Mr. John H., Announce- ment of the death of, by Mr. Ser- geant, 1.
Meek, F. B. , descriptions of new Palaeo- zoic fossils from Illinois and Iowa, 124, 128 ; descriptions of new Cre- taceous fossils from Vancouver and Sucia Islands, 311, 314; description of the lower Silurian, Jurassic, Cre- taceous and Tertiary fossils collected in Nebraska, &c, 390, 415.
Melania, descriptions of forty- nine new species of, by I. Lea, 117.
Melanidae, description of a new genus
Neritina, description of a new species
of, by I. Lea, 55. Norris, Thaddeus, remarks on a species
of Osmerus, 56, 58. Notothenoids, synopsis of, by T. Gill,
512.
Oak, Bartram, note on, by S. B. Back- ley, 361. Ophiologv, contributions to, by E. D.
Cope, 292. Ornithology of Labrador, by E. Coues,
215. Osmerus, remarks on, by T. Norris, 58. Osten Sacken, Baron, on the sex of
Cynipidae, 150. Osten Sacken, Baron R., nine new
species of N. American Limnobiadae,
258, 287. Otolicnus apicalis, Remarks by Dr.
Slack on a species so called by Du
Chaillu, 153.
Panolopus, on the genera Panolopus,
of, by I. Lea, 96.
Miles, Manly, descriptions of two new species of shells from Michigan, 124.
Midas, description of a new species of, by J. H. Slack, M. D., 463.
Mollusca, descriptions of new fossil, by I. Lea, 148 ; list of those inhabiting the neighborhood of Philadelphia, 306 ; catalogue of, from British Ame- rica, by W. G. Binney, 330 ; notes on the Molluscs of California, by the same, 331 ; on the Mollusca of Har- per's Ferry, Virginia, by G. W. Try- on, Jr., 396 ; synopsis of recent species of Gastrockaenidse, a family of Molluscs, by the same, 465.
Moore, Dr. Samuel, announcement of the death of, 56.
Mosasaurus, remarks on bones of, found in upper stratum of Marl, by Dr. Slack, 2.
Neomsenis, identity of, with Lutjanus, by T. Gill, 93.
&c, by E. D. Cope, 494.
Percinae, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 44.
Peters, Francis, announcement of death of, 125.
Philypni, appendix to Monograph on, by T. Gill, 16.
Pitta, description of new a species of, by D. G. Elliot, 153.
Plants, descriptions of new, from Texas, by S. B. Buckley, 448.
Pleistocene, deposit of, on the shore of James' Bay, 97.
Podothecus, on the genus, by T. Gill, 258.
Polvnematoids, synopsis of, byT. Gill, 271.
Prime, Temple, Synonymy of the Cy- clades, &c, No. 2, 21, 25 ; Descrip- tions of new species of Cyrena, &c, 124, 125 ; Descriptions of three new species of Mollusca, 391, 414 ; Mono- graph of the species of Sphaerium of North and South America, 391, 402.
Ravenel, Edmund, description of new recent shells from the coast of S. Carolina, 21, 41.
Rattlesnakes, on three new forms of, by R. Kennicott, 206.
Reptilia of Sombrero and Bermuda, by
i E. D. Cope, 312.
Rhyptici, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 52.
Ripley Group, announcement of the
discovery of an Gloucester, by Mr
outcrop of, , Gabb, 124.
near
INDEX.
va.
Sciajninas, revision of the genera of, by T. Gill, 79.
Scolopendra, descriptions of new spe- cies of, by H\ C. Wood, Jr., 10.
Secretary, Recording, report of, 526.
Shad, remarks on the food of, by Dr. Leidy, 2.
Shells, descriptions of new, from the coast of S. Carolina, 41 ; notice of, from Hudson's Bay, 97.
Shizostoma, description of new species of, by I. Lea, 54 ; remarks of Dr. Showalter on, 56.
Sho waiter, Dr., of Alabama, remarks on Shizostoma, 56.
Sillaginoidea?, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 501.
Slack, Dr. J. H., remarks on some speci- mens of Mammalia, 24 ; on a species of the Lenmridae, called Otolicnus apicalis by DuChaillu, 153 ; descrip- tion of a new species of Rodent of the genus Spermophilus, 311, 314 ; de- scription of a new Quadrumanous Mammal of the genus Midas, 391, 463 ; Guide to the collection of the Academy, 391, 522.
Spackman, Dr. George, announcement of the death of, 205.
Spermophilus, description of a new species of, by J. H. Slack, M. D., 314.
Suckley, George, M. D., U. S. A., de- scription of a new species of Amer. Grouse, 334, 361.
Sphajrium, descriptions of new species of, by T. Prime, 125 ; monograph of the species of, of N. and S. America. by T. Prime, 402 ; descriptions of three new species of, by T. Prime, 414.
Sphserodactylus, by E. D. Cope, 494.
Squalus americanus, referring it to the genus Odontaspis, by C. C. Abbott, 399.
Stewardson, Thos., M. D., remarks on the Ailanthus silk worm, 525.
Stimpson, W., on marine shells from Hudson's Bay, and Pleistocene de-
posit on the shore of James' Bay, 75, 97 ; notes on Decapod Crustacea, 334, 372,
Strephobasis, description of, by I. Lea, 96.
Sarothrodus maculo-cinctus, new spe- cies described by T. Gill, 99.
Tiedeman, Prof. F., announcement of the death of, 56.
Thelyphonus, description of a new species of, by H. C. Wood, Jr., 312.
Tringeaa, monograph on, by Elliott Coues, 170.
Tryon, George W., Jr., on the Mollusca of Harper's Ferry, 390, 396 ; synop- sis of the recent species of Gastro- chjenidre, a family of Acephalous Mollusca, 391, 465.
Uhler, P. R., rectification of the paper upon Hemiptera of the N. Pacific Exploring Expedition, 258, 286 ; Homoptera of the same, 258, 2S2 ; descriptions of four new species of Hemiptera, 258, 284.
Unio, descriptions of eleven new species of, by I. Lea, 391.
Unionidre, descriptions of twenty-five new species of, from Georgia, &c, 38 ; remarks on habits and growth of, by Dr. Lewis, 57 ; descriptions of twelve new species of, from Ala- bama, 59.
Uranoscopoids, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 108 ; monograph of the Tridigitate. 263.
Warren, David M., announcement of death of, 58.
Wood, H. C, Jr., descriptions of new species of Scolopendra, 2, 10 ; on the American Chilopoda, with catalogue of specimens in the Smithsonian Institution, 311 ; description of a new species of Thelvphonus. 311, 312.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
OF PHILADELPHIA. 1861.
January 1st, 1861. Vice-President Bridges in the Chair.
Eighteen members present.
Papers were presented for publication entitled,
" Catalogue of the Marine Fishes of the Eastern Coast of North Ame- rica from Greenland to Georgia, by Theodore Gill."
"Description of a new species of the genus Anableps of Gronovius, by Theodore Gill."
"Synopsis of American Cretaceous Brachiopoda, by Wm. M. Gabb."
Which were referred to Committees.
Mr. Sergeant announced the death on the 25th ult. of Mr. John H. Markland ; also, at London, on the 8th ult., of Dr. Charles Huffnagle, late members of the Academy.
January S(7i. Vice-President Vaux in the Chair.
Twenty-six members present.
A paper was presented for publication entitled
" On the classification of the Eventognathi, or Cyprini, a sub-order of Teleocephali, by Theodore Gill." Which was referred to a Com- mittee.
An extract of a letterwas read from Col. J. D. Graham, dated Chicago, Dec. 17th, 1860, informing the Academy of the discovery by him of a diurnal tide in Lake Michigan.
1861.] 1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
January 15th. Vice-President Vaux in the Chair. Thirty-one members present.
Dr. Leidy stated that in a communication to the Academy, by Dr. Mordecai, published in the last number of the Proceedings, the author remarks as the result of his observations, that the food of the shad consists of marine alg<e. A few weeks since Dr. L.'s housekeeper had incidentally called his attention to a shad, obtained in market, which appeared to her remarkable from the stomach being filled with small fishes. Dr. L. examined the shad to assure liimself that it really was that fish, and submitted the stomach and contents to Mr. C. C. Abbott, who informs him in a note that the contents consist of nine small marine fishes, as follows : 3 Hydrargyra swampina, 5 Pcecilia lati- pinnis, and 1 Cyprinodon ovinus. Mr. Abbott adds, that in his dissections of the shad he had frequently detected the remains of cyprinoids in the contents c f the stomach.
Mr. Slack called attention to specimens of'Mosasaurus bones presented this evening. The animal was remarkable for its small size, and on ac- count of its position where found, viz. in the upper stratum of the marl.
January 22 d. Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Thirty-nine members present.
Papers were presented for publication entitled
" Notes on Ants in Texas, by S. B. Buckley."
" Descriptions of new species of Scolopendra in the collection of the Academy, by H. C. Wood, Jr."
" Observations on Cottus Copei Abbott, by C. C. Abbott."
" Appendix to the Monograph of the Philypni, and description of the genus Lembus of Gunther, by Theodore Gill."
And were referred to Committees.
Mr. Lea read the following extract of a letter from Dr. Lewis, of Mohawk, N. Y.
"I find three species of Paludina in the Erie Canal and Mohawk River at this place. Mr. Binney, after examining them, pronounces them one species — decisa Say, — regarding them merely as varieties. My reasons for regarding them as three species are as follows: The large species which I shall call Integra Say, for the present (and until it is satisfactorily shown by reference to Say's integra from the original locality that it is a different species,) is the most ponderous shell of the three species. The Embryonic young attain the largest size (before exclusion from the parent) of the three species. The next species I will call decisa Say, though it is usually perfect at the apex, as well as the preceding. This shell is of a thinner texture, and the color of the epider- mis is a darker tint, green. The Embryonic young at exclusion are of a deli- cate pale willow green. The third species I have for several reasons felt dis- posed to regard as rufa Hald. This does not attain so large a size here as the preceding species. The height of the shell is less, proportioned to its width. The central portions of the body whorl a little prominent, almost sub- angular in some instances, a little flattened towards the sutures. The epider- mis olivaceous, with purpureous tinge on the centre of the whorl, fading above find below. The interior pink, margined above and below and at the aperture with white. Embryonic young smaller than in Integra and decisa, and of a ■delicate pale pink color. The soft parts differ as do the shells. The habits of
[Jan.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
the animals also differ, and the crowning evidence of this distinction in a spe- cific point of view, is the absence of all intermediate forms and varieties, each •species preserving its integrity, under the operation of the same law that pre- serves the purity of species of Unio, where from 30 to 50 species are found in one stream, as is seen in some of the western rivers."
January 29(7i. Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Thirty-three members present.
On report of the respective Committees, the following papers were ordered to be published in the Proceedings :
Description of a new Species of the Genus ANABLEPS of Gronovius.
BY THEODORE GILL.
0
There has recently been sent to the Smithsonian Institution from Panama,
by Captain J. M. Dow, a new species of the genus Anableps. The number of the species of the genus is now increased to four, all of which, with the excep- tion of the one now to be described, are from the Caribbean Sea, along ihe northern coast of South America.
Preliminary to a description of the new species, we give a diagnosis of itib genus, in order not to be obliged to insert as specific characters those which are really generic.
Subfamily ANABLEPTIN^E Gill.
Genus Anableps (Artedi) Gronovius. Synonymy. Anableps Artedi, Linn., in first editions of Systema Naturae. Cobitis sp. Linn., in later editions of Systema Naturae.
Anableps Gronovius Zoophylacium.
Body elongated, anteriorly depressed, posteriorly compressed.
Scales moderate or small, cycloid, covering almost the entire head and bodv; those on the head, anterior to the nape, larger and less imbricated. The base of the caudal fin and the anal appendage of the male are also covered with scales.
Head depressed, cuneiform in profile, oblong above, gradually diminishing in width to the snout.
Mouth anterior and transverse, opening downwards and forwards. Upper jaw projecting beyond the lower. Intermaxillary bones with the ascending pro- cess represented by simple knobs. Maxillaries entirely lateral, and excluded from the composition of the mouth, Dentary flattened.
Teeth acute, only on the intermaxillaries and dentaries ; in the former in a broad band, the anterior ones larger and moveable, as in Pozcilia; the posterior villiform and immoveable. Those of the lower jaw nearly horizontal aud princi- pally in one row on the front of the dentaries.
Eyes situated in the anterior half of the head, oblique, and protected by the elevated arches of the frontal bones. The cornea and iris are divided into two more or less unequal portions by a horizontal band.
Nostrils double ; the anterior at the anterior and inferior edge of the nasal bones ; the posterior oblique fissures in front of the eyes.
Branchiostegal membrane deeply excavated, the fissure extending to the an- terior borders of the eyes. Branchiostegal rays five.
Dorsal fin higher than long, situated far behind, between the anal and caudal.
Anal in the females of nearly the same form as the dorsal ; in the males with a large conical appendage in front.
1861]
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Pectoral fins suboval, directed downwards and inwards, and externally con- cave.
Ventrals situated nearly midway between the pectoral and dorsal.
Prof. Jeffries Wyman has published interesting facts respecting the embryo- logy of the Anableps Gronovii of Valenciennes (or Anableps tetrophtkalmus Linn.) in the fifth volume of the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, page 80, and in the sixth volume of the American Journal of Science and Art.
Mr. J. P. G. Smith has published observations on the habits of a species of the genus in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, for 1850, at page 53.
Anableps Dowei Gill.
The body is elongated, anteriorly depressed and flattened, and posteriorly compressed as in the other species of the genus. The height of the trunk, at the insertion of the ventral fins is nearly an eighth of the extreme length from the snout to the margin of the caudal fin. The width is greatest between the pec- torals and ventrals, and equals fourteen-hundredths of the length ; thence it nearly uniformly diminishes towards the base of the caudal fin, which is much compressed.
The head is elongated, semiconical in profile, above straight and continuous with the back. The height at the vertical of the operculum equals an eleventh of the total length. The length of the head itself enters five times in the total. The head above is flat and level from the nape, and between the raised orbits to the upper jaw ; its breadth at the nape slightly exceeds two-thirds of its length ; that before the eyes equal three-fifths of the same.
The eyes exceed in their diameter one-fifth of the length of the head ; they are distant from the anterior borders of the nasals, a quarter of the head's length: the interorbital space equals a seventh of the same. The interval between the upper jaw and the angle of the preoperculum equals three fourths of that between the jaw and the margin of the operculum.
The eyes are circular; the portion below the bridle of the conjunctiva is as large or larger than that above.
The dorsal fin commences between the posterior sixth and seventh tenths of the length. Its basal length is only equal to a twentieth of the total length, and scarcely exceeds half its height. Its median rays are highest, the margin being convex.
The anal fin of the male has nearly the same position and structure, as that of the same sex in Anableps tetrophtkalmus.
The caudal fin is somewhat obliquely truncated, the lower rays being slightly longest. Its greatest length farms a sixth of the total. Its basal third is covered with closely adherent scales.
The pectoral fins do not quite equal in length a seventh of the total; they are separated from each other at their bases by an interval slightly exceeding half their length.
The ventrals commence between the fourth and fifth tenth of the total length; their length equals a tenth of the same.
In structure and form, the various fins do not differ from those of the allied species.
1 The number of rays is as follows : D. 8—. C. 5, 16, 3. R. 21. V. 6.
1
From the axilla of the pectoral fin to the base of the caudal, there are about sixty-eight rows of scales, forty-nine of which are in advance of the dorsal. Each scale is more or less subcircular, often higher than long, with concentric striaj, surrounding a nucleus placed considerably anterior to the centre, and posteriorly crossed by about fourteen radiating striae.
The color is a dark black brown on the head, back and sides. A broad, longitudinal, golden-colored band traverses the sides and terminates at the
[[Jan,
NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 5
caudal fia ; the band is itself bordered with blackish below, which is uracil more distinct behind the ventrals. The sides of the head as well as the infe- rior surface of the body are also of a deep yellow color, the line bounding the yellow of the head passing under the eyes, and is continuous at the axilla of the pectorals with the lateral band. The dorsal, caudal and most of the pec- torals, are of a lighter color than the back; the interior rays of the latter are yellowish.
A single specimen of this new species of Anableps was obtained by Captain J. M. Dow.
It is interesting as being the first representative of the genus that has been discovered on the Pacific coast. We dedicate the species to its discoverer, who has added much to our knowledge of the Fauna of the western coast of Central America, aud who has forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution many new species of Fishes, Crustaceans, and other animals, among which is the type of the singular new Portumnoid genus Euphylax of Stimpson.
The following synopsis of the species of the genus will exhibit the compara- tive differences between them.
«.. Squamae in serie longitudinali cerciter 70. Color superne olivaceo-fuscus ; fascia lateral! et corpore inferne flavis.
Anableps Dowei Gill. Synonymy. Anableps Dowei Gill, Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, supra 1860.
/?. Squamaa in serie longitudinale 50 — 55; color superne clivaceo-virescens ; la- teribus lineis longitudinalibus tribus vel quatuor ornatis.
Anableps tetrophthalmus Bloch. Synonymy . Anableps lineis quatuor longitudinalibus ad utrumque latus ; processu tubulato ad pinnam &<a'\ Artedi in Seba's Thesaurus rerum naturalium, vol. iii. pi. xxxiv. fig. 7, 1758. " Artedi, Genera Piscium, p. 25, genus xx. " " Species Piscium, p. 46.
Anableps Gronovius, Zoophylacium, p. 117, No. 350, pi. i. figs. 1, 2, 3.
" Gronovius Museum Icbthyologicum, vol. i. p. 12, No. 32. Cobitis anableps, Linnceus, Systema Naturae ed. x.
Linnceus, Systema Naturae, ed. xii., gen. 173, No. 1. Anableps tetrophthalmus Bloch. Naturgeschichte der ausliindischen Fische.
Bloch. Systema Ichthyologies, Schneid. ed., " Lacepede, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. v. 1803.
Cuv. et Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xviii. p. 252.
The preceding is only a portion of the synonymy of the species. On account of the remarkable structure of its eyes, it has been referred to in numerous works on Natural History and Anatomy. Such allusions have not been deemed of sufficient importance to refer to.
y. Squamae in serie longitudinali cerciter 85-00 ordinatae. Color superne oli- vaceo-virescens, inferne albescens.
Anableps microlepis Mull.
Synonymy. Anableps microlepis Miiller and Troschel, Monatsberichte der Acad. 1844, p. 36.
1861.]
a it
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Anableps microlepis Troschel, Archiv. fur Naturgeschichte for 1845, vol. ii. p.
200 (abstract.) Aaableps coarctatus Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xviii. p. 266, pi. 540,
1846. Aaableps microlepis Mull, and Troschel in Schomburgh's Reisen in British
Guiana, vol. iii. p. 632.
Corpus magnitudine fere ut in Anableps tetrophthalmus.
Anableps elongatus Val. Synonymy.
Anableps elongatus Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xviii. p. 267, pi. 541,
1846. Corpus gracilius.
Gin the classification of the EVENTOGNATHI or CYPRINI, a suborder of
TELEOCEPHALI.
BY THEODORE GILL.
In studying the species of Cyprinoids obtained by Captain J. H. Simpson in his expedition across the continent in 1858-1859, we were led to investigate the principles of classification adopted for the arrangement of the family of Cyprinoids, as it has been restricted by most recent naturalists. Our studies have led us to the belief that the Cyprinoids do not form a natural family, but rather a suborder, and that the suborder itself may be divided into a num- ber of natural families.
Suborder Eventognathi Gill.
This suborder embraces the numerous species known to the inhabitants of the United States as "Shiners," "Dace," "Roach," "Carp," "Suckers," &c, and is represented by species in the fresh water streams and lakes of almost every portion of the globe, with the exception of the continent of South America ; they are there replaced by the herbivorous Characins.
Notwithstanding the cosmopolitan distribution of the suborder, there are few or no groups of fishes, whose mutual affinities are more unknown, and whose nomenclature and generic distinctions are so uncertain. Genera that are certainly very nearly allied, and even identical with each other, have been placed at almost opposite extremes of the family. Very closely allied species even have been equally far removed from each other, yet there are few groups which have been so much studied by naturalists as this has been.
The species of Asia have been especially studied by McClelland, Heckel, and by Dr. Bleeker ; those of Europe, by Cuvier, Agassiz, Heckel, Kner, and the Prince of Canino. The American species have been arranged and described by Agassiz, Baird and Girard. All the known species found in every part of the world have been described by Valenciennes, and Bleeker has very recently published a synopsis of the entire suborder, in which all the known genera are described, and arranged in a new systematic order. With the full knowledge of all that has been done by those great zoologists, we have still no hesitation in asserting that much yet remains to be done, and that none of the proposed classifications or groupings of the genera and species are founded in nature.
The suborder, as understood by us, includes only the true Cyprinoids of Agassiz, without teeth in the jaws, and with large falciform lower pharyngeal bones. It thus excludes the Cyprinodontoids, and all allied groups. Thus re- stricted, :t is an exceedingly natural group, and corresponds to the family of Cyprinoids of most naturalists. But in the suborder, there exist several groups which differ essentially in form or anatomical peculiarities, and which appear
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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. i
to be entitled to family rank. The chief and typical family is much the most extensive and widely distributed. The others are small and much more re- stricted in geographical distribution.
The following synopsis will exhibit the most obvious characteristics of the different families, and their geographical distribution. We do not pretend to group the various genera into subfamilies or tribes, where so many have failed ; it would be presumptuous for us, with the material at hand, to offer such an arrangement.
Family I. HOMALOPTEROIDiE Gill.
Synonymy.
Homalopterseformes Bleeker, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie,
vol. xx. p. 422 (subfamily.) Balitora Cuv. et Vol. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xviii. p. 91, (genus.)
The body and head are depressed, and the inferior surface plane. The mouth is inferior and of small size. The pectoral and ventral fins are in the same plane, horizontal and subdisciform. The pectoral fins have numerous and branched rays. There are no spines before any of the fins. The pharyngeal bones have a single row of conical teeth.
This family exactly corresponds to the subfamily of Homalopterasformes of Dr. Bleeker, and the characters above given are nearly translated from his. The species are peculiar to the streams of India.
Family II. COBITOIDJE Fitzinger.
Cobitidse Fitzinger.
Acanthopsides Heeled and Kner, Die Slisswasserfischedes Ostreichischen monar- chic, p. 296. Cobitiformes Bleeker, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Iudie, vol. xx. p. 421.
The body and head are never depressed, but either subcylindrical or slightly compressed. The scales are very small, and almost concealed in the smooth mucous skin. The mouth is subterminal, the snout being little protuberant. The lips are thick, and provided with from six to twelve barbels. The pecto- ral fins have a broad, vertical base, and are inserted in the usual manner on the sides above the breast. The pectoral fins have each a simple spine ; the others are without. The pharyngeal bones have a single row of teeth. Th* branchial apertures are small and restricted to the sides.
This family is confined to the fresh-water streams and lakes of Europe and Asia, both temperate and tropical, and the islands of the Sunda Molluccan Ar- chipelago. No species are found in either of the Americas. Are they not re- placed in the latter continents by the fresh water Siluroids and Triehomyete- roids ?
The family may be divided in two different subfamilies, distinguished by the position of the dorsal fin. In the typical Cobitince, that fin is placed immedi- ately over the ventral fins. In the other group, which may be called Acanthopk- thalmincE, the dorsal is situated over the space between the ventral and anal fins. Of the former four genera are known, and of the latter two.
Family III. CYPRINOIDiE (Cuv.) Gill.
Synonymy.
Cyprinida? partim Agassiz, auct.
Cypriniformes Bleeker, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsh Indie, vol. xx. p. 422 (subfamily.)
1861.]
3 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF
The body is oblong or moderately elongated, compressed or subcylindrical, and covered with conspicuous scales of various size.*
The barbels vary in number from two to four, and in numerous genera are even entirely absent. The pectoral fins have broad vertical bases inserted in the usual manner on the sides above the breast ; they have each a simple ray. The dorsal and anal fins are either with or without spines, which themselves are either simple or dentated. The pharyngeal bones have one constant row of normally five teeth, or occasionally four, and often one or two supplemen- tary rows of from one to three smaller teeth. The branchial apertures are of moderate size, and separated from each other by an isthmus of little or mod- erate width.
The Cyprinoids, as limited above, form a very natural and homogeneous group ; its genera have not yet been satisfactorily divided among subfamilies, nor have even the genera been naturally approximated to each other. The distribution of the species is almost world-wide, South America being the only continent in which they are not found.
Family IV. CATASTOMOID^I Gill.
Synonymy.
Catastominse Heckel.
Catastomini Bleeker, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, vol.
xx. p. 427 (stirps.) Catastomus Lestieur, Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
vol. i. (genus.) The body is moderately elongated and subcylindrical, or oblong and com- pressed, covered by conspicuous scales. The mouth is always concealed from above by the protuberant snout, and surrounded by fleshy lips. There are no barbels. The pectoral fins have their vertical bases inserted in the usual man- ner on the sides above the breast. The pharyngeal bones have numerous teeth closely approximated, like those of a comb, in a single row, and com- pressed at right angles to the bone. The branchial apertures are moderate, and separated by the isthmus.
The Catostomi have some external and anatomical characters peculiar to themselves and distinguishing them from the other families of this suborder. They are, therefore, now regarded as forming a distinct family. They appear to be peculiar to North America. A species of Cyprinoid from Siberia has been described by Tilesius, which has been generally referred to the genus Catostomus, but it is too little known to positively refer it to any known genus. As, how- ever, there are arctic species of the family, the Tilesian species may quite pos- sibly be a true member of the group.
The family of Catastomoids may be divided into three subfamilies, chiefly characterized by the form of the body and the comparative form and length of the dorsal and anal fins.
The Catastominse have an oblong or moderately elongated and anteriorly subcylindrical body ; the dorsal fin subcentral and nearer the snout than the margin of the caudal fin ; it is short and subquadrate, with from eleven (3,8) to sixteen (3,13) rays. The ventral fins are under the anterior, median or pos- terior parts of that fin. The anal fin high and short, placed nearer the base of the caudal tban of the ventral fins.
The Cycleptime are characterized by the elongated body, which is subcylin- drical before, and by an elongated and falciform dorsal fin commencing over the interval between the pectoral and ventral fins, and extending as far back as the beginning of the anal fin.
* The genera Aulopyge of Heckel, Phoxinellus of Heckel and Meda of Girard are desti- tute of scales.
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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9
The third subfamily is composed of species having an oblong-oval and com- pressed body. The dorsal fin is elongated, commencing over or before the ventral fins and proceeding backwards at least as far as the commencement of the anal fin ; the anterior rays are usually much longer than the others. To this group the name of Bubalichthuince maybe given. Carpiodes is the typical genus, but it would scarcely be proper to modify that name by the termination indicating a subfamily ; we have therefore accepted the above modification of the name Bubal 'ichthys of Agassiz proposed for a genus of this subfamily.
Note on Ants in Texas.
BY S. B. BUCKLEY.
The cities of the Cutting Ant (Myrmica Texaua) are sometimes much larger than those described by me in an article published in the Journal of the Aca- demy. During the summer, I have measured some which extended beneath a surface having an average diameter of seventy feet ; and in one instance, their town was spread beneath an area of about one hundred feet. Their cellars, from six inches to two and three feet in diameter, are beneath this surface to the depth of from twelve to eighteen feet. The dirt brought up is in the form of a crater, to the edge of which they carry the ground excavated, where it i§ dropped, and rolls down the sides of the volcano-like hill, which is seldom more than eighteen inches high. The storms level the hills, and new ones are formed on them, until the dirt excavated is sometimes three feet deep. A new city, or when more rooms are made in an old one, has at the surface the appearance of a model volcanic region with isolated craters and mountain ranges. In an old established town the surface of the ground around the main entrances is nearly level, in order that stores for home use may be easily brought in along their roads, extending into the country in all directions. Besides these paths there are underground avenues — as was mentioned in a former paper — whose outer doorways are several hundred feet distant from town, through which most of the grain and leaves used by them is carried. The digging of these tunnels is begun near the lower cellars, from whence they are extended to the outer entrances, around which excavated dirt is seldom if ever found. That they store up food is very probable, nor can there be much doubt of it, since it is well known that they often abstain from work during several days in succession in the winter time. It is also well known, in the region infested by them, that they carry large quantities of grain and leaves into their abodes. I have often seen the margins of their paths covered with segments of green leaves, where they are left to dry, after which they are taken below. The green fruit of the elm is treated in a similar manner. It is true that leaves and fruits are carried into town in a green state, but they surely would not dry a portion unless they wished to preserve it for future use. They do mo3t of their work in the night time, especially in the summer season, when they do not labor during the heat of the day. On one occasion our tent was inadvertently erected near one of their towns, and as we were about to spread our blankets for sleep, we found the ground almost covered with ants. We were driven to platforms for slumber. In the meantime the ants were actively engaged in carrying home fragments of biscuit and other things which had been dropped from our table ; other parties of them packed the grains of corn strewed on the ground near the feed box of our mules and horses. I had been told that " cut- ting ants" could carry the largest grains of corn, but did not believe it; but at that time I saw some big grains move slowly along the ant path, and on close scrutiny could see that said grains were carried on the backs of the little ants. We were encamped near Judge Eastland's, in Bastrop County, and the next morning the Judge brought over some bits of lead immersed in molasses, to test the strength of the ants. The pieces of lead were three and four times
1861.]
10
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
larger than the ants, yet the ants being fond of sweet would struggle, until they succeeded in getting the sweetened metal on their backs, when they marched homeward. They are not fond of salt, and would not eat bacon or beans which had been cooked with it.
Among these ants are some big-headed giants who apparently are rulers and superintendents. I have frequently seen them move among the crowd here and there, as if to see that all were on duty. Not working themselves, they urge others to the task. It is said they punish delinquents by biting and shak- ing them, but I have not seen any such penalty inflicted. It may be that these large ants are the elders whose age exempts them from labor, and entitles them to the respect and submission of the younger of this community.
A gentleman in Bastrop County told me that to preserve his shelled grain and meal from the " cutting ants " it was suspended in sacks by tarred ropes ; fresh tar being occasionally added. It is difficult for them to shell corn ; hence corn in the ear is rarely disturbed by the " cutting ants." I have not met with these ants north of latitude thirty one degrees, but how far east or west they extend I cannot tell. They are more numerous in the vicinity of rivers and water, but I have never seen their abodes in a bottom subject to overflow.
When I was in Lampasas County last October, at Swenson's Saline, on a hill- side, I overturned a large rock, which left exposed a number of the cellars of the stinging ant, (Myrmica malefaciens.) In some of these cellars were large quantities of the seeds of the amaranthus and other plants, nicely stored for future use. A gentleman in San Saba County informed me that, after a heavy rain, the "stinging ants," at one of their dens near his wheat field, brought up at least half a bushel of wheat and spread it around their outer door to dry, after which it was again conveyed below.
In this climate, where during the winter cold and warm weather alternately prevail, many species of ants do not become torpid; but in their deep cellars where the cold does not come, they lay up food for use in times of northers, and when the warm weather comes their labors are renewed. It is seldom that they are hindered by cold from work more than a week at any one time.
Descriptions of new Species of Scolopendra, in the collection of the Academy.
BY HORATIO C. WOOD, JR.
S. b y s s in a, nobis.
S. saturate viridis, capite castaneo ; antennis ? 18 articulatis ; dente mandi- bular! gracile. dentibus labialibus 10, parvis, nigris ; superficie ventrali brunneo- olivacea ; pedibus gracilibus, antennisque luteolis, postremis articulo basali intus 3, subtus 2 spinis, processu angulari bifido vel trifido ; appendicibus anali- bus lateralibus punctatis, singula spinis apicalibus 3. Long. unc. 3.
Hab. Florida?
S.parva, nobis.
S. viridi-brunnea, segmentis plerumque saturate viride marginatis : antennis viridibus, 25 articulatis; dentibus 8, nigris, obtusis ; pedibus postremis robustis. articulo basali margine hand elevato, intus 5 spinulis, subtus 12-15 spinulis, processu angulari magno, quadrifido ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus punc- tatis, singula spinis apicalibus 4-5 et altero marginale armata. Long. unc. 3.
The first segment of the body is the smallest, the third next. The sutures be- tween sternum and episcernum well marked, those between scuta and episcuta barely traceable. The preterminal scuta is very large, its lateral margins in all our specimens are regularly arched. The terminal scuta has a strongly de- pressed central groove, marking, we suppose, the line of embryonic coalescence of the two primitive scuta.
Hab. Mountains of Georgia. Dr. LeConte.
[Jan.
NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 11
S. cas t a ne ic e ps , nobis.
S. viridis, capite antennisque castaneis ; segmentis margin eposteriore caeruleo tincto ; antennis 25 articulatis ; dente mandibulari producto, gracile; dentibus labialibus 10, intirnis tribus utrinque coadunatis; pedibus plerumque luteolis ; postremis saturate viridibus, articulo basali intus quinquespinoso, subtus spinis 9serie triplici dispositis ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus brunneis, elongatis, singula spini3 apicalibus 5; superficie ventrali sordide viride. Long. unc. 3"75.
Prebasilar fold connate with basilar segment; the suture, however, well marked, existing as a deep groove. First pair of legs tinged with chestnut. Preanal scale quadrate, much narrowed posteriorly, impressed with a longitu- dinal sulcus.
HaL Texas. Dr. Rand.
S. polymorpha, nobis.
S. olivaceo-brunnea, capite dilute castaneo; antennis 30 articulatis, pedi- busque luteolis ; dente mandibulari tuberculo basali magno ; dentibus labiali- bus 8, maximis, intimis duobus utrinque coadunatis, externis sejunctis ; segmen- ts margine posteriore nigro-viride, marginis lateralibus plerumque liberis ; pedibus postremis robustis, articulo basali intus 7-10 spinis, subtus 8-12 spinis araato, processu angulari aut bifido aut trifido aut quadrifido ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus, singula 4-5 spinis apicalibus. Long. unc. 3.
Prebasilar fold apparent, but connate with the rather large basilar segment. First segment of body very small, suture between scutum and episcutum barely traceable, that between sternum and episternum much more distinct. Basal joint of last pair of legs, above flattened and apparently grooved, below very convex ; the internal surface having near to its proximal end a group of from five to seven spines, and several scattered ones on its distal portion ; lower surface with from eight to ten spines disposed 1 in rows. This may be considered the typical ar- rangement, but we have very numerous departures from it; in some individuals the 3pines are irregularly scatttered over the whole interior and inferior surfaces. The color also varies greatly, shading off from that given above, to a testaceous- chestnut, the posterior green bands entirely vanishing. Even the characters drawn from the labial teeth are not constant in this perplexing species, these organs in some individuals being small and coadnate. One of our testaceous specimens has attained to the length of three and one-half inches. Hah. Fort Riley, Kansas. Presented by Dr. Hammond.
S. prasinipes, nobis.
S. obscure nigro-viridis, segmento cephalico cordato, basali magno ; capite subtus rufo ; pedibus, postremis exceptis, antennisque laete prasinis ; mandibulis runs, dente magno ; dentibus labialibus 6, intimis duobus utrinque latis, coadu- natis, externo acuto, sejuncto; pedibus postremis, singula articulo basali rufo, multispinoso, processu angulari 4-5 spinis armato ; appendicibus analibus later- alibus elongatis, singula 4-5 spinis. Long. unc. 10'25.
Dental plates small, quadrate, punctate. Suture between scuta and episcuta well marked. Distal extremity of the femoral joints of all the anterior legs with from three to four spines, of the metatarsae with one. First joint of pos- terior pair of legs the longest, somewhat flattened above. Preanal scale quad- rate, much narrowed posteriorly.
Hab. Island of Trinidad.
S. e p il e p t ic a, nobis.
S. rufo-castanea, robusta, capite segmento basali maximo ; dente mandibulari magno ; dentibus labialibus 8, internis tribus utrinque valde coadunatis; an- tennis 17 articulatis, elongatis ; scuta terminali media subcarinata; superficie ventrali laete castanea; pedibus plerumque luteolis; postremis magnis, articulo basali spinis validis 20-25, processu angulari magno, multifido, articulo tibiali spinis 1-3 ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus minute punctatis, singula spinis apicalibus 5-7 ; squama preanali elongata. Long. unc. 9.
1861.]
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Prebasilar fold connate with basilar segment, the suture however well marked, existing as a deep groove. First segment of the body very much the smallest. Antennae generally yellowish, in some specimens chestnut. Scuta generally much widened posteriorly, their lateral margins arcuate and furnished with an elevated crest. Posterior margin of terminal scuta very strongly arcuate, the lateral borders, however, almost straight. Suture between scuta and episcuta traceable in most of the segments. Distal extremities — of femora of all the an- terior legs armed, each, with a tubercle bearing from two to four small spines — of tibiae with a single minute spine — of metatarsae, with a longer but very slen- der one; claw large, furnished with two spines at its base. Femoral joints of last pair of legs longer than tibial, somewhat flattened above, each armed — on superior surface with six spines, forming two triangles — on internal margin and surface with from ten ro twelve, — on inferior surface with from four to six.
Hab. Unknown.
S. limicolor, nobis.
S. dilute castanea, antennis 18 articulatis; dente mandibulari amplo, gracile ; dentibus labialibus 10, intimis utrinque quatuor valde coadunatis, extimo sejuncto, acuto ; pedibus postremis gracilibus, basali articulo utrinque bispinoso, processu angulari bifido ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus punctatis, spina terminali simplice. Long. unc. 4-5.
Prebasilar fold absent : basilar segment large. Color of belly and feet very similar to that of the back, perhaps a little lighter. Preanal scale much nar- rowed posteriorly, short. Sutures between scuta and episcuta, and between sternum and episternum, well marked.
Hab. Bengal.
S. gracilipes, nobis.
S. brunnea, segmento cephalico parvo, prebasali nullo, basali maximo ; au- tennis 20 articulatis; dente mandibulari et tuberculo basali magnis, dentibus labialibus 8, parvis, multo coadunatis ; pedibus postremis gracilibus, articulo basali 7 spinulis in serie duplici dispositis ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus elongatis, punctatis, singula 3 spinulis armata; squama preanali postice emar- ginata. Long. unc. 3.
Color brown, with a lighter narrow stripe along centre of dorsum. Posterior margin of sternal plates rounded. Terminal angular process of last pair of legs scarcely developed. Our specimen is probably a young animal.
Hab. Singapore. Presented by Sandwith Drinker.
S. d i n odo n , nobis.
S. saturate brunnea, segmento cephalico magno, prebasali nullo, basali magno ; antennis 18 articulatis, pubescentibus ; dente mandibulari maximo, dentibus la- bialibus 12, parvis, nigris ; pedibus postremis, singula articulo basali intus spinis magnis 3-4, subtus 2, armato ; processu angulari elongato, obscure tri6do ; ap- pendicibus analibus lateralibus punctatis, spinis apicalibus utrinque 3, parvis. Long. unc. 5.
Last pair of legs, as well as mandibles, inclining to rufous; femoral joint a little longer than tibial, flattened above ; terminal angular process terminating in a large spine with two very small ones at the base. Sterna marked on pos- terior border with three light colored dots, the middle one being generally much the most conspicuous. Preanal scale somewhat elongate, impressed with an obsolescent longitudinal sulcus.
Hab. Singapore. Presented by Sandwith Drinker.
S. cephalica, nobis.
S. dilute castanea, robusta, capite amplissimo ; dente mandibulari magno, dentibus labialibus 10, nigris, tuberculis similibus, vix coadunatis ; antennis 10 articulatis; segmentis alternis minoribus ; pedum postremum basali articulo
[Jan.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13
utrinque bispinoso. processu angulari simplice ; appendicibus analibus laterali- bus punctatis, spina apicali interdum bifida. Long. unc. 4-5.
The first segment of each pair is the smaller, until we reach the fourth couple, where the order is reversed and so.continues to the end. The scuta of the preterminal segment is remarkable for its size and has its posterior angles rounded. The suture between the scuta and episcuta is obsolete, that between the sternal and episternal plates very distinct.
Hab. West Coast of Africa. Presented by John Cassin.
? Var. gracilis.
S. rephalicas similima, adhuc multo gracilior ; cephalico segmento et dente mandibulari multo minoribus ; segmentis alternis minus inequalibus; dentibus labialibus acutioribus. Long. unc. 5-75.
Having but a single individual of each of these forms we prefer to retain this as a variety, although it will perhaps be found to be a distinct species. The two specimens are very different in their general appearance, but agree re- markably in their minute characteristics.
Hab. With the last. Presented by John Cassin.
8. parvidens, nobis.
S. olivaceo-viridis ; segmento cephalico, antennis pedibusqueluteolis ; segmen- to prebasali nullo, basali magno ; dentibus 10, parvis; pedum postremum arti- culo basali spinis 4-6 armato, processu angulari elongato, bifido vel trifido ; ap- pendicibus analibus lateralibus luteolis, punctatis, singula spinis apicalibus 2. Long. unc. 4.
Head darker than antennae, feet, &c, mandibular tooth rather large. Ven- trai surface drab. Sutures between sternal and episternal plates distinct. Posterior margin of terminal scuta strongly arcuate. Femora of last pair of legs longer than tibiae, superior surface flattened and in one of our specimens slightly grooved. Preanal scale, quadrate, slightly narrowed posteriorly, pos- terior margin rounded.
Hab. Ningpoo, China. Dr. D. B. B. McCartee.
S. torquata, nobis.
S. dilute ochracea, capite segmentisque postremis rufis ; segmento prebasali nullo, basali maximo; antennis 17 articulatis, laete luteis ; dente mandibulari magno, dentibus labialibus 6, obtusis : segmentis postice dilute viride margi- natis ; supei ficie ventrali pedibusque anterioi ibus luteis ; pedibus postremis gracilibus, castaneis, articulo femorali elongato, 30-40 spinulis nigris armato, processu angulari multifido. Long. unc. 4.
First segment of body much the smallest; color of back approaches some- what to a faded chestnut, the posterior segments losing the green margin, but obtaining a much redder hue. Distal extremity of last pair of legs, tiuged with olive green. Lateral anal appendages sub-quadrate, their posterior margin rather sharp and provided with a minute black spine, their termi- nal process provided with 7 similar ones. Suture between scuta and episcuta better marked than that between sternum and episternum. Our specimen is perhaps not an adult.
Hab. Sombrero Island.
S. p e 11 a, nobis.
S. olivaceo-brunnea, capite castaneo, segmento prebasali nullo, segmento basali maximo ; antennis 20 articulatis ; dente mandibulari magno; dentibus labialibus 10, nigris, tribus internis utrinque valde coadunatis ; pedum postre- morum articulo basali et secundo marginibus elevatis ; illo, margine interiore 4-5 spinis, superficie inferiore 8-9 spinis serie triplici dispositis, processu an- gulari trifido vel quadrifido ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus punctatis, sin- gula, 4-5 spinis apicalibus. Long. unc. 3.
Dental lamina somewhat elongate. Basilar tubercle of mandibular tooth
1861.]
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP
often composed of an aggregation of minute tubercles. Basal joint of last pair of legs a little longer than tibial, the superior surface flattened, inferior convex, raised margin not so prominent as that of the tibia. Breadth of preanal scale rather great proportionably to its length. Hab. Surinam. Dr. Calhoun.
S. punctiscuta, nobis.
S. olivacea, capite rufo-castaneo, segmentorum corporalium margine pos- teriore et pleurumque anteriore viridis ; superficie ventrali castanea ; autennis 17 articulatis ; dentibus 8, parvis, nigris, intimi3 tribus utrinque valde coadu- natis ; pedibus antennisque flavesceutibus ; pedis postremis articulo basali supra bispinoso, intus sexspinoso, subtus septemspinosa, processu angulari trifida ; tibial! articulo 5 spinis ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus punctatis, elongatis, singula 3-4 spinis apicalibus et altero marginale armatis. Long, unc 4-75.
Cephalic as well as large basilar segment punctate, impressed with sutures, between some of the plates, which are separate during embryonic life. Suture between scuta and episcuta, and in one or two instances between the two true scuta well marked. Scuta punctate and finely chased on posterior border. Distal extremities of metatarsse of all anterior legs provided with a slender spine ; claw armed with a small one near its base. Preanal scale quadrate, nar- rowed posteriorly.
Hab. Caraccas. W. G. Boulton, Esq.
S. puncticeps, nobis.
S. brunneo olivacea; segmento basali maximo ; antennis 17 articulatis; dente mandibulari magno, robusto; dentibus labialibus 6, validibus, intimis duobus utrinque coadunatis, extimo sejuncto ; laminis dentalibus excavatis ; pedibus postremis elongatis, articulo femorali spinis 15-20, processu angulari trifido, articulo tibiali spinulis 3-5 : appendicibus analibus lateralibus saturate brunneis, singula spinis apicalibus 2-3 et interdum altero marginale. . Long. inc. 4 5.
Cephalic segment punctate: prebasilar fold connate with basilar segment, the line of junction, however, indicated by a deep furrow in the latter. First seg- ment the smallest, the third next. Suture between the scuta and episcuta, well marked in middle segments of the body. Distal extremities of the femoral joints of the nineteenth and twentieth pairs of legs provided with from two to four small spines.
Hab. Unknown.
S. a tra , nobis.
S. brunneo-atra, segmento cephalico magno, prebasali nullo, basali maximo ; dente mandibulari maximo ; dentibus labialibus 12, conicis, vix coadunatis; pedibus postremis gracilibus, articulo femorali spinis 4-5armato; appendicibus analibus lateralibus elongatis, singula spinis apicalibus 2. Long. unc. 4-75.
Color of whole animal brownish black with an almost metallic reflection on the back and a reddish tinge about the head. The scutal plate of preterminal segment is very large, equalling any other in size. Preanal scale impressed with a longitudinal sulcus, its posterior border greatly rounded.
Hab. Unknown.
S. plumbeolatns, nobis.
S- olivaceo-brunnea, segmento cephalico obscure castaneo, prebasali nullo. basali magno ; dente mandibulari magno, gracile ; dentibus labialibus 10, par- vis, nigris ; antennis 18 articulatis, sordide luteolis : lateribus plumbeis; pedi- bus postremis gracilibus, articulo femorali 5 spinis, processu angulari interdum bifido ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus punctatis, spinis apicalibus utrinque duobus. Long. ubc. 4.
First, third and fifth segments the smallest. Posterior margin of some of
t/ all.
(
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15
the scuta tinged with green. Suture between sternum and episternum well marked. Legs of anterior portion of body, a dirty light yellow, gradually darkening as they approach the anus.
Hab. St. Jago, Cape Verde Islands. Dr. J. M. Somerville.
S. testacea, nobis.
S. testacea, segmento cephalico parvo, prebasali nullo, basali maximo : dentibus 6, intimis duobus utrinque latis coadunatis, externo sejuncto triangu- lari ; antennis 17 articulatis ; pedibus postrernis robustis, basali articulo multi- spinoso ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus, punctatis, rufis, singula 4-6 spinis apicalibus et altero marginale. Long. unc. 5.
First segment of body much the smallest. Femoral joint of posterior pair of legs flattened above; inner surface and margin with from fifteen to twenty small black spines ; inferior surface with from ten to fifteen; terminal angular process with from six to eight.
Hab. Unknown,
S. porphyratainia, nobis.
S. testacea, capite antennisque rufis ; segmentis, (postremo excepto,) antice et postice nigro-purpurea late marginata ; pedibus luteolis ; deate mandibulari magno, dentibus labialibus 10, nigris ; antennis 20 articulatis; pedibus pos- trernis robustis, basali articulo margine exteriore vix elevato, margine interiore spinulis 5, processu angulari elongato, trifido vel quadrifido, superficie inferiore spinulis 9 triplici serie dispositis ; appendicibus analibus lataralibus alte punc- tatis, singula spinis apicalibus 4-5 et altero marginale armatis. Long. unc. 4-75.
The last dorsal plate has its lateral margins elevated and its posterior tinned with purple. The posterior border of the large basilar segment of the head has also a narrow band of purple. The broad bands which ornament the seg- ments of the body extend down somewhat upon the sides; in the day time they have in some lights a slight greenish reflection. This species is allied to S. tigrina^ewp.; but, besides the peculiar coloration, it differs in the following particulars: In the number both of joiuts of antennae and of labial teeth in the scarcely elevated margin of femoral joint of last pair of legs, in greater length of this joint compared with tibial, in two of the series of spines on in ferior surface of the joint being parallel, in the robustness of posterior pair of legs, in greater number of apical spines to lateral anal appendages and other particulars. The antenna? appear to have been tipped with white.
Hab. India.
Observations on Cottus Copei, Abbott. BY CHAS. C. ABBOTT.
Having received a living specimen of the above named species, I deem it necessary to make a re-diagnosis of the species, as the original specimen hav- ing been an alcoholic one, and somewhat distorted, led to several errors which it is important to correct.
This species is closely allied to Cottus viscosus, Hold, and C. Frank- linii, Agass., but differs essentially from the former^ the facial outline from the eye, making a much less abrupt curve ; thus giving the snout greater at- tenuation. In the mouth being more deeply cleft, and much more obliquely. In the body being strictly cylindrical, and not subcylindrical. It differs from C. Franklinii, in the tips of the pectorals overreaching the anterior margin of the second dorsal. In the anterior margin of thejirst dorsal being farther distant from the extremity of the snout. In the body, as it differs from viscosus. The proper diagnosis will then be
Cottus Copei , Abb. — Corpore cylindrico. Extremitatibus pinnarum pec- toralium porrectis ad anteriorem dorsalis secundse marginem. Pinnis ventrali- bus snb pectorales et ante dorsalem anteriorem, insertis. 1861.]
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Appendix to the "Monograph of the PHILYPNI," and description of the
genus LEMBUS of Gunther.
BY THEODORE GILL.
la the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences for April, 1860, (pages 120 to 126,) there has been given a monograph of the Philypni, of which two genera, represented by three species, were described. Some time after the publication of that memoir, the first volume of the " Catalogue of the Acan- thopterygian Fishes" of the British Museum, was received. Dr. Albert Gun- ther, the author, among the addenda of that volume, has described a new generic form founded on a species discovered by Mr. Fraser in the Andes of Ecuador ; the new genus was named Lembus, and is said to be " a true repre- sentative in South America of the Perches of the Arctic regions." In its general appearance, it is stated to resemble Luciqperca, or some of the other elongate Perches.
A perusal of the generic and specific diagnoses of Dr. Gunther has con- vinced us that there must be some error in the reference of his new form to the family of Percoids.
In the diagnosis of the genus, there is said to be no lateral line, and the first dorsal has seven slender spines.
In the specific description, the branchiostegal membrane is stated to be "fixed to the isthmus, without touching that of the other side," and " the ventral is in- serted exactly under the pectoral, and composed of one feeble spine and five rays, the fourth of which is the longest, nearly reaching to the vent," "The pseudobranchiae are absent." " The opercles are neither serrated nor armed.
As none of these characteristics are common to the true Percoids, great doubt may be entertained as to the propriety of referring a fish with such features to that family. And as in all of those same characters, it resembles the Gobioids, and especially theEleotroid genera, we entertain little or no doubt that it is really a member of the same family.
One of Gunther's generic characters is the presence of a " band of villiform teeth on the jaws and on the vomer." There are six branchiostegals. The genus, therefore, belongs to the group of Philypni.*
The scales are described as " rather small, ctenoid, pentangular, with the basal margin vertical." This form of the scales is a common feature of the Gobioids with ctenoid scales, and although only the descriptive phase "ctenoid " is applied, it is not to too much to infer that, like its 'allies, Lembus has the scales simply pectinated on their posterior margins. The form of the body is described as resembling that of Lucioperca ; Lembus is consequently on account of the size and pectination of the scales, and the general form of the body, more nearly allied to Philypnus as restricted by us than to Boslrichthys. The true generic characters, so far as can be gathered from the description, appear to be the following:
Lembus Gunther. Synonymy.
Lembus Gunther, " Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fish," &c, vol. i. p.
505, 1860.
Head elongated, above depressed, and flat between the eyes. Mouth large,
the supramaxillary bones extending to or beyond the vertical of the anterior
border of the eye ; lower jaw projecting beyond the upper ; nostrils distant ;
*The pseudobranchiae are absent, so far as yet known, only in the genera Cnidon of Muller and Troschel, and Lates of Cuvier among the Percoids. The preoperculum is sometimes entire in some of the Percoid genera, but the operculum has always one or more spines. The Etheostomoids have the inner rays of the ventrals longer than the external, but they are much more nearly related to Gobioids than to Percoids.
[Jan.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17
the posterior is near the upper angle of the orbit ; the anterior is minute, and close to the upper extremity of the maxillary bone. Eyes of moderate size. Branchial apertures lateral. Scales ctenoid, at least on the trunk ; small scales extending over the entire head, except the snout. Anterior dorsal fin with seven rays.
From the above description, it is evident that the genus is very nearly allied to Philypnus, and may perhaps be even identical with it. It probably, how- ever, differs by having the branchial apertures more restricted and not extend- ing so far forwards ; by the more distant nostrils, which are not described as having raised margins, and possibly the smaller size of the scales on the head. The anterior dorsal has also seven rays, while Philypnus has only six, in common with most of the Gobioids. But all of these distinctions remain to be verified, and it is hoped that the author will give the true characters in that volume of his work in which the Gobioids will be described.
Although Dr. Giinther appears to have been undoubtedly mistaken as to the affinities of his genus Lembus, the excellence and appropriateness of his de- scription have left us in no doubt as to its true relations. The genital papilla is not mentioned as being present, but it was undoubtedly overlooked.
A single species of Lembus is known.
Lembus maculatus Giinthcr. Synonymy.
Lembus maculatus Gtinther, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes, &c, vol. i. p. 505.
The species is thus characterized by Giinther :
" Yellowish, irregularly spotted with blackish, back with five dark cross- bars ; a black blotch behind the extremity of the operculum ; three blackish streaks radiating from the eye, the vertical fins dotted with blackish."
There are fifty-seven scales in a longitudinal line, and twenty-two (?) in a transverse line.
The radial formula is is B. 6. D. vii. I. 9, A. ii. 9.
There are now known, if Lembus is really distinct from Philypnus, three genera of the Philypnoid group.
I. Philypnus Val.
Represented by species dwelling in the seas, on the eastern and western sides of tropical America, and ascending the fresh water streams.
II. Lembus Giinther. With one species inhabiting the mountain streams of Ecuador.
III. Bostrichthys (Dum.) Gill. Peculiar to the temperate and tropical waters of eastern and southern Asia.
Note. In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for January to June, 1860 page 236, which we have only now seen, Dr. Giinther has remarked that his Lem- bus maculatus has "a prominent papilla near the vent, and is nearly allied to Philypnus." We take much pleasure in recording Dr. Giinther's own correc- tion of his error. It is at the same time due to ourselves to remark that we had shortly after the reception of the " Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fish," alluded to, in letters to two ichthyological friends, the affinity of Lembui and Philypnus, and that we had at nearly the same time in conversation with several others, expressed the same opinion. We allow the remarks and de- scriptions to stand that we then composed.
1861.] 2
IS PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE ACADEMY OF
Synopsis of American Cretaceous Brachiopoda. BY W. M. GABB.
s
The paucity of species of this order in the cretaceous formation of North America is worthy of note. Among nearly a thousand species of mollusca, not a dozen, in all, have as yet been discovered and characterized. This arises doubtless from the fact that the only beds of the formation, yet demonstrated on this continent, belong to the higher members. The upper chalk comprises all the strata east of the Mississippi, and may include all west of that stream, although palseontological evidence seems to indicate the existence of the lower chalk, in the strata designated as Nos. 1 and 2 of Meek and Hayden's section in Nebraska, as well as part, if not all, of No. 3 of the same authors. The same deposits appear to exist in Texas, and may be found to cover a large extent of the yet unexplored regions of the West. Two or three upper greensand fossils have been mentioned as occurring in Texas, but as far as my opportunities of comparison have gone, I am satisfied that they are distinct. This is the case witli the two species referred by Dr. Roemer, in his " Kreidebildungen von Texas," to Pecten virgatus, Nils., and Trigoaia crenulata, Lam.
Terebkatcla, Lam.
T. Harlani, Morton. Silliman's Journal, v. 18, pi. 3, f. 16.
T. perovalis, M., not Sow. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., i. ser., v. 6, pi. 3.
T. Camilla, M. Syn. 70.
T. Harlani, M. Syn. 70, pi. 3, f. 1, and pi. 9, f. 8, 9.
T. fragilis, Morton, not Schlot. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. 6, p. 75, pi. 3, f. 3, 4.
T. Atlantica, M. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., i. s., v. 8, p. 214.
T. subfragilis, d'Orb. Prod. Pal. v. 2, p. 258.
This species appears to be rather common in New Jersey. I have seen a deposit in the marl pits of Hon. Nathan Stratton, near Mullica Hill, N. J., almost entirely made up of the broken shells. In other places they are generally found whole. They vary very much in form. Sometimes the sides are as straight as the figure given in the Journal of the Academy, 1st ser., v. 6. pi. 3, f. 1 ; while other specimens are much more orbicular than the figures of the form referred by Dr. Morton to T. perovalis of Sowerby, and afterwards called T. Camilla. The convexity of the valves varies, although generally the wider the shell, the flatter is the surface of the valves. Sometimes again, they show no traces of plications, and at others they are strongly plicate. I have made a careful comparison of nearly a hundred specimens of this and the form called T. fragilis by Dr. Morton, and I am compelled to believe, against my preconceived ideas to the contrary, that they are only wide varieties of the same species. True, there is no difficulty in separating the typical forms of the two, so-called, species ; but, after so disposing of two-thirds of the specimens, I found some of the same size and shape as fragilis with no plications, except the faint ridges of the typical form of Harlani, while others, having all the other characters of T. Harlani, have plications nearly as deep as Dr. Morton's type of T. fragilis. The specimens of the latter form are not so common as the other. M. d'Orbigny, in Prodrome de Pal. Strat., proposes • the name subfragilis in place of fragilis, which was pre-occupied by Schlotheim. I have never seen this species, except from New Jersey and Delaware.
T. Waco en sis, Roem. Kreid. Tex., p. 81, pi. 6, fig. 2. Appears to be common in Texas.
T. Leone ns is, Con. Emory's Report, v. 1, p. 164, pi. 21, f. 2.
Very closely related to Wacoensis, but appears to be longer and more narrowed anteriorly. I am only acquainted with this species by means of the description and figure quoted above.
Locality. Texas.
[Jan.
NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 19
T. Choctawensis, Shumard, Marcy's Report, p. 195, pi. 2, f. 3.
From the description given of this species, it would appear to be distinct from T. Wacoensis, but I have specimens in my collection intermediate in form between the two. The figure given is almost useless for the purpose of Identification, but seems to me to be nothing but a young specimen of Roemer's species, a little more gibbous than usual. The slight difference of outline i.c not of enough importance to warrant their separation.
T. Guadalupse, Roera. Kreide. von Texas, p. 82, pi. 6, f. 3.
Resembles a terebratulina, especially in the hinge margin of the ventral valve ; but if the figure is correct, in regard to the form of the area of the dorsal valve, it is a true Terebratula.
Terebrateiaa, d'Orb.
T. plicata, d'Orb. Prod. Pal., v. 2, p. 259.
T. Sayi, Gabb, 1859. Cat. Cret., p. 17, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859. Terebratala plicata, Say. Silliman's Jour. v. 2, p. 43. Terebratula Sayi, Morton. Synopsis, p. 71, pi. 3, f. 3, 4. Common in New Jersey.
T. Vanuxemiana, d'Orb. Prod. Pal., v. 2, p. 259.
Terebratula, id., Lyell and Forbes. Quart. Jour. Geol. So., London, v. 1, p. 62 Resembles the preceding species, but is undoubtedly distinct. It is found
in New Jersey, but is rare.
Terebratulina, d'Orb.
T. Floridina, d'Orb. Prod. Pal., v. 2, p. 258.
Terebratula, id., Morton. Synopsis, p. 72, pi. 16, f. 7. From the Cretaceous limestone of Alabama.
T. lachryma, d'Orb. Prod. Pal., 396.
Terebratula, id., Morton. Synopsis, p. 72, pi. 10, f. 11, and pi. 16, f. 6.
Said by Dr. Morton to occur in South Carolina, and in Alabama, in beds, since referred to the Eocene. M. d'Orbigny places it in the lower Eocene. This is incorrect, since I have it from the Cretaceous marls of New Jersey.
T. Hal liana, n. s.
Suborbicular, flattened, most convex near the upper portion. The sides slope towards the beak for about a third of the length of the shell. The lower portion of the shell is rounded, presenting a very obscure angulation where the lateral margins unite with the basal ; basal margin faintly sinuous. Lower valves regularly but moderately convex, with the sinus only visible on the lower fourth ; foramen moderately large, area high. Upper valve convex for half its length, but in old specimens flat or concave for the remainder ; hinge margin of the upper valve sloping distinctly from the beak, laterally. Surface marked by numerous rounded dichotomous ribs, crossed by very fine concentric lines.
This species differs from T. lachryma in form, so that a glance will serve to distinguish it. It resembles T. Floridana in shape, but the outline is somewhat more rounded than the specimen figured in " Synopsis." It differs, however, in having a more distinct sinus, in being less gibbous, and in the ribs being more prominent, larger and not so numerous. It gives me great pleasure to dedicate this beautiful species to the most able student of American Brachiopoda. Prof. Jas. Hall, of Albany, N. Y.
Locality. New Jersey.
The only species of the family Lingulidaz yet known, is
Lingula su bspatu lata, Hall and Meek, 1855. Mem. Am. Acad., Boston, 2s.,v. 5, p. 380, pi. 1.
1861.]
20
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP
Pursuant to the By-Laws of the Academy, an election of the mem- bers of the Standing Committees for 1861 was held, with the following result :
ETHNOLOGY. J. A. Meigs, S. S. Haldeman, T. G. Morton.
COMP. AN AT. AND PHYSIOLOGY.
Jos. Leidy, Jas. M. Corse, J. H. Slack.
MAMMALOGY.
J. H. Slack, John Cassin, J. L. LeConte.
ORNITHOLOGY.
John Cassin, Thos. B. Wilson,
S. W. WOODHOUSE.
HERPETO LOGY$ ICHTHYOL 0 G Y.
K. Bridges,
J. Cheston Morris,
J. L. LeConte.
CONCHOLOGY.
T. A. Conrad, W. G-. Binney, C. J. Cleborne.
ENTOMOLOGY AND CR USTA CEA.
Robert Bridges," J. L. LeConte, E. T. Cresson.
BOTANY. E. DURAND,
J. Darrach, Jos. Carson.
GEOLOGY.
Isaac Lea, Chs. E. Smith, J. P. Lesley.
MINERALOGY.
Wm. S. Vaux, J. C. Trautwine, T. D, Rand.
PALAEONTOLOGY.
Jos. Leidy, T. A. Conrad, Wm. M. Gabb.
PHYSICS.
B. Howard Rand, Wm. M. Uhler, James C Booth
LIBRARY.
Wm. S. Vaux,
Jos. Leidy,
J. J). Sergeant.
PROCEEDINGS
J. L. Le Conte, Jos. Leidy, Wm. S. Vaux. Jas. C. Fisher, Thos. Stewardson.
[Jan
NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 21
February 5th.
Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Thirty-one members present.
The following papers were presented for publication :
"Synonymy of the Cyclades, &c. No. 2. By Temple Prime."
" Synopsis of the Subfamily Clupinae, with descriptions of new
genera, by Theodore Gill."
" Descriptions of twenty-five new species of Unionidae from Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee and Florida, by Isaac Lea." And were referred to committees.
to
February 12th.
Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Forty-five members present.
The following papers were presented for publication : " Descriptions of new recent shells from the coast of South Carolina, by Edmund Ravenel."
"Synopsis of the Subfamily Percinae, by Theodore Gill." " Synopsis generum lihyptici et affinium, by Theodore Gill." " Description of a new species of Neritina, from Coosa river, Ala- bama, by Isaac Lea."
" Descriptions of two new species of Anodonta, from Arctic America, by Isaac Lea."
And were referred to committees.
Dr. LeConte stated in regard to the species of Anableps. described in the Proceedings of last month, by Mr. Gill, as A. Dowii, that he had seen it in great abundance, not only in the bay of La Union, San Salvador, but in all the streams emptying into the Gulf of Fonseca, and also in the small tributaries of the Rio Lempa, as far as the town of Virtud, a great distance from the ocean. The method of swimming is very peculiar ; the fishes are seen in groups on the surface of the water, with their eyes projecting ; they are easily alarmed, and very active. They are known to the natives under the name cuatro-ojos, in allusion to the transverse black band which divides the iris.
Mr. Gabb remarked that he had recently had an opportunity of conversing with Messrs. Meek and Hayden in regard to the Geological formations of the far West, and of examining the fossils brought by the numerous Government expeditions from that region. He said, "I have seen both the Gryphcea calceola and the Ostrea Marshii," referred to by Prof. Marcou, in his letter, read to the Academy on December 11th, of last year.
" Prof. Marcou was laboring under a false impression in regard to those species, and thus misled me. The form referred to by Messrs. Meek and Englemann as G. calceola, is that figured by Quenstedt on pi. 48, figs. 2, 3 and 4, and called by Rcemer Ostrea calceola. The form illustrated by fig. 1 of the same plate has never been found. It is even doubtful whether the Western
1861]
11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
fossil is at all identical with the European species ; but it is not sufficiently distinct to warrant a separation with the amount of material collected.
There can be no doubt, however, that this species (even were it found in the same beds with " G. Tucumcarii"), is certainly distinct from that species, The principal points of difference are — G. calceola(?) is a short abrupt oyster, with a large surface of attachment, and in every instance yet known with the beak totally obliterated. It is found in a bed not only with very different lithological characters, but belonging to a different horizon from those con- taining the G. Pitcherii.
The "plicated oyster, closely allied to 0. Marsha," is in several important points very distinct from that species. It has been called by Mr. Meek 0. Englemannii. It is of the type of 0. Marshii, has strong plications, but differs mainly in the area. I have examined twenty or thirty specimens, and compared them with all the figures of the European species to which I have had access. The area of 0. Marshii is at least four times as long as that of 0. Englemannii. There are other characters also which would serve to distin- guish them ; as yet, the true O. Marshii has never been found in America.
Through the kindness of my friend, Dr. J anew ay, I have obtained some specimens of Gryphaa Pitcherii, from the Indian Territory, near the Choctaw mission, and I believe I now have the means of proving the identity of the true G. Pitcherii with the form called by Prof. Marcou, G. dilatata, var. Tucumcarii.
With the aid of Prof. Marcou 's figures, 1 to 3, pi. 4, on one hand, and Dr. Morton's types on the other, I have an unbroken series of gradation from one form to the other. I have exhibited the suite to a number of the best naturalists in Philadelphia, and no one has been able to show a break in the series. Mr. Conrad, after a careful examination, pronounced them to be a regular gradation from one variety to another of the same species.
Dr. Morton's original specimens, now lying on the table, as well as the last sentence of his descriptions, show that the beak is "distinctly incurved." Prof. Marcou refers a form to this species in which the beak is strongly deflected. This form, unknown to Dr. Morton, is, I have no doubt, distinct. I have recently gone over the whole subject carefully, with the following results : The oblique, carinated form is a distinct species, and must be called Gryphaa navis. The species described by Morton is the same as the one called Tucumcarii by Marcou. The small specimen figured by Morton is said by Marcou to be " incomplete and without the superior valve." This is not so. The specimen is a young one, but is very perfect. Dr. Rcemer did not see it, because it was lost some time before his visit to Philadelphia, and afterwards discovered by me among some rubbish. The beak and umbone are round, there is no carination, and the figure in the Synopsis will convey a very correct idea of its form. It is as distinctly lobed as the figure 1, pi. 4, of Geology of N. A.
The large specimen, spoken of by Dr. Morton, from the plains of Kiamesha, is more nearly of the form of figure 3 of the same plate. There is every form between the two varieties, viz. : the one figured by Morton in his Synopsis, pi. 15, fig. 9, and the pi. 4, figs. 1 and 2.
I do not wonder that Prof. Marcou should have maintained the difference between G. Pitcherii and G. Tucumcarii as he understood them, but the key to the difficulty is this : G. Tucumcarii is the typical form of G. Pitcherii, while G. Pitcherii, Marcou, is G. navis. This can be proven to any person who will take the trouble of investigating the subject."
Mr. Lea read a portion of a letter from Dr. Lewis, of Mohawk, New York, giving an account of a very sudden and remarkable fall of temperature experi- enced at that place, on the 7th of February last. The diagram exhibited was an exact copy of the one made at the time, by the self- registering thermometer devised by Dr. Lewis, and to which the attention of the Academy had been oalled by Mr. Lea at a previous meeting.
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OE PHILADELPHIA.
2°,
Recording Clock run down. Record ends here.
>
ro o
o
o\
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP
The direction of the wind had been noted during the time of observation, as follows :
Wind east until 9, A. M. From 9, A. M., until 10^, A. M., wind S. W. with a little rain. From 10J violent west wind with snow. The clouds gathered like a summer thunder storm. I thought I discovered a faint flash of light- ning about 12. Mrs. L. reports to me, that between 6 and 7, P. M., there was a partial remission of the storm. This may account for the sudden elevation of temperature that appears on the record at that time. The greatest violence of the storm was after this time, gradually declining after 11 or 12 o'clock. The snow accompanying this storm was in very fine particles. Probable range of temperature from 10, A. M., 7th Feb., until 8, A. M., 8th Feb., about 70°. Feb. 11th, at 2J, P. M., temperature 52° ! !
February 19 th. Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Thirty-five members present. A paper was presented* for publication, entitled " Descriptions of new species of Anodonta and Lithasia, by Isaac Lea," which was referred to a committee."
Dr. Slack called the attention of the members to some specimens of mam- malia upon the table, viz. :
Anomalurus B eechcroft ii (Fraser, P. Z. S.,) 1852, page 11, t. This genus resembles somewhat the American flying squirrel, (Pteromys,) but differs in having the greater portion of the tail covered with very short hairs, termi- nating in a tuft. On the inferior surface of the basal portion are a number of sharp, short spines, projecting downward. These are used by the animal in climbing, somewhat in the manner of climbing irons. This specimen is from Western Africa, collected by Duchaillu.
Belideus flaviventer ( Waterhouse, Marsupialia, p. 286. ) A fine mounted specimen of this species, the Hepoona Roo of the colonists, was exhibited, and the distinction pointed out between the genera Belideus and Acrobates, This specimen was procured by Dr. Slack of a dealer in Edinburgh, and was said to have been received from New South Wales.
A fine series of the Aluatta c a r a y a Slack, (Simia caraya Humb., Mycetes niger Wied.) Dr. S. stated that the name of Mycetes (JMiger, Prodromus, 1811.) should be replaced by that of Aluatta, proposed by Lacepede in his Tableaux de Classification, 1799. The series consisted of five specimens, an adult male, entirely black ; a very young t male and adult female of a golden yellow color ; and two nearly adult males, yellow, dashed with black. Two of the specimens were in the collection of the Academy, the others were collected during the recent Paraguay expedition, and are the property of the Smith- sonian Institution.
Among the mammals presented by the Smithsonian Institution this evening, he particularized a female of the Caprovis canadensis Gray, Ovis canaden- sis Shaw, Nat. Misc., xv., 1790, (Ovis montana Ord. Journ. A. N. S., vol. i. page 8, 1817,) and a very large specimen of the Castor canadensis KuhL, measuring three feet five inches from extremity of snout to end of tail.
February 26th.
Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Thirty-three members present.
On report of the respective committees, the following were ordered to be printed in the Proceedings :
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 25
Synonymy of the Cyclades, a family of Acephalous Mollusca. Part 2.
BY TEMPLE PRIME. Species.
Galatea, Brug.
1. G. Aegyptica, Fischer. II. Conch, v. 342. 1856. Bernardi Monog. 39,
pi. vi.,f. 1, 2. 1860. Venus Aegyptica, Chemn. xi. 231, f. 1985, 1986. Galatea Chemnitzii, Phil. Abb. 124. 1851. Hab. Egypt.
2. G. G. Bengoensis, Dkr. Ind. Guin. 51, pi. ix. f. 28, 30. Zeit. Malak.
183. 1848. Phil. Abb. 123. 1851. Bernardi Monog. 25, pi. vi. f. 5, 6., pi. ix. f. 4. 1860. Hab. Africa.
3. G. Bernardii, Dkr. II. Conch. 338, pi. xii; f. 3. 1857. Bernardi
Monog. 32, pi. v. f. 1, 5. pi. viii. f. 8. 1860. Hab. Guinea.
4. G. C ai 1 1 audi i , Bernardi. Bern. Monog. 43, pi. iv. f. 1, 2. pi. ix. f. 3.
1860. Hab. Africa. —G. Chemnitzii, Phil. Phil. Abb. 124. 1851. Is Gal. A egyp t ic a.
Fischer.
5. G. concamerata, Duval. Rev. Zool. 211. 1S40. Chenu. 111. Conch.
livr. 55. 2d pi. suppl. f. 3. Bernardi Monog. 20, pi. ii., f. 1. pi. iii.. f. 1, 2, pi. viii. f. 1. 1860. Hab. Africa.
6. G. Cumingii, Dkr. Bernardi Monog. 35, pi. vi. f. 7, 8. pi. ix. f. 8.
1860. Hab. Gaboon.
7. G. Heukelomii, Bernardi. Bern. Monog. 30, pi. vi. f. 3,4. pi. ix. f. 2.
1860. Hab. Africa.
8. G. Kochii, Bernardi. Bern. Monog. 22, pi. iv. f. 3-8, pi. ix. f. 6, 7.
1860. Hab. Central Africa.
9. G. laeta, Phil. Zeit. Malak. 190. 1848. Phil. Abb. 123, pi. 1, f. 2.
1851. Bernardi Monog. 27, pi. 1, f. 3-8. pi. viii. f. 7. 1860. Hab. Guinea.
10. G. Lubackii, Bernardi. Bern. Monog. 24, pi. 1, f. 4, 6. pi. viii. f. 4.
1860. Hab. Africa. — G. paradoxa, Adams. Adams, Rec. Gen. 2, 408. 1858. Is Gal.
radiata, Lam. — G. Philippiana, Morelet. Mss. Is Gal. laeta et rubiconda.
11. G. radiata, Lamk. Ann. Mus. v. 430, f. 28. 1806. Bernardi Monoa;.
18, pi. vii. f. 1-5, pi. viii. f. 3. 1860. Pectunculus subviridis, crassissimus, rostratus ? List. pi. 158, f. 13. 1770. 1861.]
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Venus paradoxa, Born. Born. Mus. 66, pi. iv. f. 12, 13. 1780.
V. reclusa, Chemn. vi. 326, pi. 31, f. 327-329. 1788.
V. meretrix, var. Gml. 13 ed. 3273. No. 15. 1793.
V. hermaphrodita, Gml. 13 ed. 3278. No. 40. 1793.
V. subviridis, Gml. 13 ed. 3280. No. 55. 1793. Brug. Encycl. pi. 250.
1797. Egeria radiata, Roissy. Buffon, vi. 327, pi. 64, f. 5. Douax variegata, Perry. Conch, pi. 58, f . 1 ? 1811. Tellina hermaphrodita, Diller. Cat. 1, 107. 1817. Trigona (ex parte.) Schum. 153. 1817.
Cyclas hermaphrodita, Mart. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1, 402, pi. 1, f. 1, 2. Potamophila radiata, Sowb. Gen. of Shells. Megadesma radiata, Bowd. Elem. Conch. 2d pt. 8, f. 21. 1822. Cyclas radiata, Schweig. Handbuch d. nat. 707. Venus paradoxa, Wood. Index, pi. vii. f. 48. 1828. Galatea paradoxa, Adams. Rec. Gen. 2, 408. 1858. Hab. Africa.
12. G. rubicunda, Phil. Zeit. Malak. 190. 1848. Phil. Abb. 123, pi. 1,
f. 2. 1852. Bernardi Monog. 37, pi. 1, f. 1, 2, pi. viii. f. 2. 1860. Galatea Philippiance, Morelet. (pars.) Mss. Hab. Guinea,
13. G. tenuicula, Phil. Zeit. Malak. 191. 1848. Phil. Abb. iii. 124, pi.
1, f. 3. 1851. Bernardi Monog. 41, pi. ii. f. 2 ; pi. viii. f. 5. 1860. Hab. ? — G. versicolor, Morelet. Adams. Rec. Gen. 2, 408. 1858. Is Gal.
laeta et rubiconda.
Fischeria,* Bernardi. 1860.
1. F. Delessertii, Bernardi. Bernardi Monog. 46, pi. 3, f. 3, 4; pi. ix. f. 5. 1860. Hab. Cape Palmas, Africa.
Gladconome, Gray.
1. Gl. angulata, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 20. 1844. Conch. Icon. pi. 1,
f. vi. Hab. Isl. of Negros. — Gl. bipinnata, Phil. Pal. Foss. pi. xi. f. 33. Is Ichthyorachus bi-
p in nat a, d'Orb.
2. Gl. cere a, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 20. 1844. Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. viii. Hab. The Ganges.
3. Gl. Chinensis, Reeve. Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 1. Hab. China.
4. Gl. convex a, Desh. Grat. Moll. terr. et fluv. Fr. 51. 1855. Hab. France, (fossil.)
5. Gl. corrugata, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 20. 1844. Conch. Icon. pi. 1,
f. v. Hab. Manilla.
6. Gl. curt a, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 20. 1844. Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 7. Hab. Lucon.
— Gl. disticha, Goldf. pi. 64, f. 15. 1830. Is Penniretepora distic- c h a , d'Orb.
*Tnis genus having been instituted subsequently to the publication of the first part of this paner, did not appear in the list given of the genera belonging to this family.
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 27
— Gl. distich a, Lonsdale. Murch. Silur. pi. xv. f. 12. 1839. Is Penniretepora L o n s d a 1 e i , d'Orb.
— Gl. gracilis, McCoy. Syn. Ireld. 199, pi. 28, f. v. 1844. Is Penni- retepora gracilis, d'Orb.
— Gl. grandis, McCoy. Loc. sub. cit. 199, pi. 28, f. 3. 1844. Is Penni- retepora grand is, d'Orb.
--G1. hex agon a, MLinst. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 1, 100, pi. 3(3, f. 8. 1831. Is Vincularia hexagona, d'Orb.
— Gl. marginata, Miinst. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 1, 100, pi. 36, f. v. 1831. Is Vincularia marginata, d'Orb.
7. Gl. pfana, Desh. Grat. Moll. terr. fluv. Fr. 51. 1855. Hab. France, (fossil.)
8. Gl. ps ma tell a, Desh.
Glauconomeya psmatella, Desh. Adams. Rec. Gen. 2, 442. 1858. Hab?
— Gl. pulcherrima, McCoy. Syn. Ireld. 99,- pi. 28, f. 4. 1SU. Is Plytopora pulcherrima, d'Orb.
9. Gl. radiata, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 20. 1844. Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 3. Hab. Zeeba.
— Gl. rhombifera, Miinst. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 1, 100, pi. 36, f. G. 1831. Is Vincularia r ho mbife r a, d'Orb.
10. Gl. rostralis, Desh.
Glauconomya rostj-alis, Desh. Adams. Rec. Gen. 2, 442. 185S. Hab?
11. Gl. rugosa, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 19. 1844. Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 4.
Hanley in Wood. Index, pi. x. f. 4. Hab. Manilla.
12. Gl. straminea, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 20. 1844. Conch. Icon. pi. 1,
f. 2. Hab. Manilla. — Gl. tetragona, Miinst. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 1, 100, pi. 36, f. 7. 1831.
Is Vincularia fragilis, Defrance.
13. Gl. virens? Hanley. Proc. Zool. xii. 18. 1844. Hab. China.
Cypkina, Lamk.
— C. aequalis, Phil. Sicil 1, 39. 1836. Is Cyprina I s 1 a n d~i c a , Lamk.
1. C. affinis, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Venus affinis, Miinst. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, 244, pi. 150, f. xi. 1839. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
2. C. A ley on, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
3. C. amphytrion, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
4. C. angulata, Sowb. M. C. 1, 145, pi. 65. 1314. Hab. England, (fossil.)
— C. angulata, Sowb. Trans. Geol. iv. 128. 1836. Is Cyprina S o wer- byi, d'Orb.
5. C. Antiopa, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
1861 .]
28 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP
6. C. antiqua, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Venus antiqua, Minister. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, 243, pi. 150, f. iv. 1839. Hab. Germ., (fossil.) — C. Archiacina, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850.
Crassatella quadrata, d'Archiac. Mem. Soc. Geol. 2d ser. 2, 301, pi. xiv. f. 1. 1847. Hab. Belgium, (fossil.)
— C. Arctica, Turt. Brit, bivalves, 135. 1822. IsCyprina Islandica. Lamk.
7. C. arenaria, Meek & Hayden. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil. ix. 143. 1857. Hab. N. America, (fsssil.)
8. C. Aretbusa, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
9. C. Arion, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
10. C. astartaeformis, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Isocardia astartaeformis, Miinst. Beitr. Petr. iv. 87, pi. viii. f. 24. 1841. Hab. France, (fossil.)
11. C. Bajocina, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
12. C. Beaumont ii, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Cardium Beaumontii, d'Archiac. Mem. Soc. Geol. 373, pi. xxvi. f. 4. 1843. Hab. France and England, (fossil.)
13. C. Bernard in a, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
14. C. Bernensis, Leymerie. 1842.
Cyprina rostrata, d'Orb. (non Sowb.) Pal. Fr. cret. 3, 98, pi. 271. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
15. C. Bland in a, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
16. C. Bonasia, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
17. C. Bosquet ian a, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
18. C. Bronnii, Desh. Hab. Germ., (fossil )
19. C. Calliope, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
20. C. Cancriniana, d'Orb. Murch. Vern. et de Keys. Russia, 2, 457.
pi. 38, f. 26, 27. 1845. Hab. Russia, (fossil.)
21. C. carditaeformis, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Venus carditaeformis, Roemer, Oolit. 109, pi. vii. f. 15. 1836. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
22. C. carinata, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Venus carinata, Roemer. Oolit. 110, pi. vii. f. 10. 1836. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
23. C. Carteroni, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
[Feb.
» NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29
— C. compressa, Turt. Brit, bivalves, 136, pi. xi. f. 21-23. 1822. Is Astarte compressa, Mont.
24. C. compressa, Meek & Hayden. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil. 144. 1857. Hab. N. America, (fossil.)
25. C. Conrad i, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850.
Venilia Conradi, Morton. Syn. Cret. pi. viii. f. 1, 2. 1834. Cardita decisa. Loc. sub. cit.. pi. ix. f. 3. 1834. Hab. N. America, (fossil.)
26. C. consobrina, d'Orb. Paleont. 3, 107, pi. 278, f. 3-6. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
27. C. Corallina, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
28. C. cord at a , Meek & Hayden. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil. ix. 143. 1857. Hab. N. America, (fossil.)
29. C. cordiformis, d'Orb. Paleont. 3, 101, pi. 273. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
30. C. cornuta, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850.
Isocardia cornuta, Kladen. PI. 3, f. 8. Roemer 38, pi. 19, f. 14. 1839. Hab?
31. C. cor ru gat a, Lamk. Lamk. v. 1818. Hab? (fossil.)
— C. crass a, Desh. Encycl. Meth. t. 11. 2d part, 47. 1830. Is Corbicula c r a s s a , Desh.
32. C. crassitesta, Reuss. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
33. C. cuneata, Sowb. Trans. Geol. Soc. iv. 240, pi. 16, f. 19. 1836. Hab. France and England, (fossil.)
34. C. Cytherea, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
— C. Defrancii, Van Beneden. Is Cyprina rustic a, Flem. — C. deltoidea, Phil. Pal. foss. pi. 17, f. 59. Is Cardium d e 1 1 o i - deum , d'Orb.
35. C. dimorpha, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
36. C. dolabra, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. England, (fossil.)
37. C. d on a c in a, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Venus donacina, Schloth. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, 242, pi. 150, f. 3. 1839. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
— C. Egertoni, McCoy. .Syn. Ireld. 55, pi. x. f. 9. 1844. Is Cardimor- pha E g e r t o n i i , d'Orb.
38. C. E 1 e a , d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
39. C. el on gat a, d'Orb. Paleont. 3, 106, pi. 267, f. 816. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
40. C. Erato, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
41. C. Eu char is, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil. )
1861.]
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF *
42. C. Ervyensis, d'Orb. Paleont. 3, 102, pi, 274. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
43. C. Gea, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
— C. gig as, Lamk. Lamk. v. 1818. Is Venus u nib o n a ria.
44. C. glob os a, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Cardium globosum, Roemer. Oolit. 39, pi. 19, f. 19. 1836.
Venus tenuistria, Miinst. Petr. Germ. 1, 245, pi. 150, f. 18. 1839. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
— C. globosa, Sharpe. Journ. Geol. Soc. vi. pi. 15, f. 1. Is Cyprins S h a r p e i , Prime.
45. C. Gly eerie, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
46. C. Helmersenian a'/d'Orb. Murch. 2, 457, pi. 38, f. 28-30. 1845. Hab. France, (fossil.)
47. C. Hersilia, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
48. C. humi lis, Meek & Hayden. Proc. Ac. N. S., Phil. 179. 1860. Hab. N. America, (fossil.)
— C. incrassata, Nyst. Coq. Foss. Hasselt. 7. 1836. Is Cytherea i n - crassata, Sowb.
49. C. inornata, d'Orb. Paleont. 3, 99, pi. 272, f. 1, 2. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
50. C. intermedia, d'Orb. Paleont. 3, 107, pi. 278, f. 1, 2. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
51. C. involuta, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Corbula involuta, Miinst. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, 250, pi. 151, f. 14. 1839. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
52. C. Islandica, Lamk. Lamk. v. 1818.
Venus Islandica, Linn. 1131. Midler, Verm. 246. 1774.
Pectunculus major, da Costa. 183, pi. 14, f. 3. 1778.
Venus bucardium, Born. Mns. 63, pi. 4, f. 11. 1780.
Artica vulgaris, Schum. 145, pi. 13, f. 3. 1817.
Cyprina arctica, Turt. Brit, bivalves, 135. 1822.
Venus aequalis, Sowb. M. C. pi. xxi.
Cyprina aequalis, Phil. Sieil. 1, 39. 1836.
C. maxima, Wood. Ann. N. H. vi. 249.
C. angulata, Sowb. Nyst. Foss. Anvers, 9.
C. Idandicoides, Lamk. Loc. sub. cit. p. 9.
C. vulgaris, Sowb. Gen. of Shells. Hab. Europe and America.
— C. Islandicoides, Lamk. Lamk. v.. 1818. Is Venus Islandi- c o i d e s , Lamk.
53. C. Jurensis, Morris. Brit, fossils, 199. 1854.
Venus Jurensis, Miinster. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, p. 245, pi. 150, f. 17. 1839. Hab. England and Germany, (fossil.)
54. C. Kb arascovens is, Rouillier. Bull. Soc. Moscou xx. 421, f. 32, 32.
1847. Hab. Russia, (fossil.) — C. Lajonkairii, Goldf. Petr. Germ. 237, pi. 148, f. 9. 1841. Is
Cyprina r u s t i c a , Goldf.
[Feh.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3l
55. C. lata, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850.
Venus lata, Roetoer. 27, pi. ix. f. 10. 1841. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
56. C. 1 at i cos tat a, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Isocardia laticostata, Minister. Beitr. iv. 87, pi. viii. f. 24. 1841. Hab. Austria, (fossil.)
57. C. Ligeriensis, d'Orb. Paleont. 3, 103, pi. 275, f. 1-3, fexclus. f. 4.
5.) 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
58. C. lunulata, Desh. Inv. Paris, 1, 546, pi. xxxv. f. 19-21. I860. Hab. France, (fossil.)
— C. maxima, Wood. Ann. N. H. vi. 249. Is Cyprina Island ica,
Lamk. — C. minima, Tart. Brit, bivalves, 137. 1822. Is Circe minima.
59. C. Morris sii, Sowb. Min. Conch, pi. 620. Hab. England, (fossil.)
60. C. nana, Sowb. Dixon, Foss. Suss. pi. 14, f. 8. Hab. England, (fossil.)
61. C. neglecta, d'Orb. Prod. 3. 1852.
Erycina neglecta, Nyst. 89, pi. 3, f. 134. 1843. Hab. Belgium, (fossil.)
62. C. Neptuni, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1S50. Hab. France, (fossil.)
63. C. nit ida, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Isocardia nitida, Phil. 122, pi. ix. f. 10. 1829. Hab. England, (fossil.)
64. C. Normaniana, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
65. C. No ue liana, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850.
Cyprina Ligeriensis, d'Orb. (pars.) Paleont. 3, 103, pi. 275. f. 4. 5. (exclus. 1-3.) 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
66. C. nuda, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1S50.
Venus nuda, Goldf. Zieten. 94, pi. 71, f. 3. 1830. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
67. C. Nystii, Hebert. 1849.
Cyprina Scutellaria, Nyst. (non Desh.) 145, pi. 7, f. v; pi. 8, f. 1. 1843. Hab. Belgium, (fossil.) — C. obliqua, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Is Corbicula obli qu a , Desh.
68. C. obli qui ssi ma, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1S50. Hab. France, (fossil.)
69. C. oblonga, d'Orb. Paleont. 3, 105, pi. 277, f. 1-4. 1843.
Astarte cyprinoides, d'Archiac. Tourtia pi. xiv. f. 5. 1847. Hab. France and Belgium, (fossil.)
--C. oblonga, Reuss. p. 4, pi. 15. 1846. Is Crassatella oblonga. d'Orb.
70. C. orbicularis, Roem. Nord D. Kreide, 73, pi. ix. f. 8. 1841. Hab. France and Germany, (fossil.)
-7-C. orbiculata, Turton. Brit, bivalves, 138. 1822. Is Lucina orb i- c u 1 a r i s , Mont. 1861.]
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP
71. C. o v a t a , Meek & Hayden. Proc. Ac. N. S., Phil. ix. 144. 1857. Hab. N. America, (fossil.)
72. C. parvula, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850.
Venus parvula, Roemer. Oolith. iii. pi. vii. f. 13. 1836. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
— C. Pedemontana, Lamk. Lamk. v. 1818. Is Venus P ede mo n- t ana .
73. C. Phillip si i, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Isocardia angulata, Phillips. Yorksh. 122, pi. ix. f. 9. 1829. Hab. England, (fossil.)
74. C. piatigorskensis, Fischer. Bull. Soc Moscou, xxi. 1848. Hab. Russia, (fossil.)
— C. pi sum, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Is Corbicula pi sum, Desh.
75. C. plana, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Isocardia plana, Miinster. Petref. iv. 87, pi. viii. f. 23. 1841. Hab. Germany, (fossil.) — C. plan at a, Sowb. M. C. pi. 619. Is Cyprina sc u tellari a, Desh.
76. C. Provencialis, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
77. C. quad rat a, d'Orb. Paleont. 3, 105, pi. 276. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
78. C regular is, d'Orb. Loc. sub. cit. 3, 100, pi. 272, f. 3-6. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
79. C. Roemeri, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Lucina globosa, Roemer. Oolit. 41, pi. 19, f. 6. 1831. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
80. C. ro strata, Sowb. Geol. Trans, iv. 240, pi. 17, f. 1. 1836. Hab. England, (fossil.)
— C. rostrata, d'Orb. Pal. 3, 98, pi. 271. 1843. Is Cyprina Be rnen- s i s , Leym.
81. C. rotundata, Braun. Agas. Icon. coq. test. 53, pi. 14. 1845. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
82. C. Roy ana, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
83. C. rustica, Morris. Brit. Foss. 199. 1854.
Venus rustica, Sowb. Mur. Conch, pi. 196.
Cyprina Lajonkairii, Goldf. Petr. Germ. 237, pi. 148, f. 9. 1841. C. tumida, Nyst. Tert. Belg. 148, pi. x. f. 1. 1835, 1843. C. Defrancii, Van Beneden. Hab. England, Belgium and Germany, (fossil.)
84. C. Scutellaria, Desh. Coq. foss. 1, 125, pi. xx. f. 1-3. 1824.
Cytheria Scutellaria, Defr. Diet. Scie. Nat. t. xii. 421. 1818.
Cyprina planata, Sowb. M. C. pi. 619. Hab. France and England, (fossil.)
— C. Scutellaria, Nyst. 145, pi. vii. f. 5, pi. viii. f. 1. 1843. 19 Cy- prina N y s t i i . Heberi.
85. C. Sharpei, Prime.
Cyprina globosa, (preoc.) Sharpe. Journ. Geol. Soc. vi. pi. 15, f. 1. Hab. England, (fossil.)
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 83
86. C. Sowerbyi, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850.
Cyprina angulata, Sowb. Trans. Geol. Soc. iv. 128. 1839. (non. Sowb. M. C.) Hab. England, (fossil.)
87. C. strigillata, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Cardita strigillata, Klippstein. Beitr. Geol. 255, pi. xvi. f. 23. 1845. Hab. Germany, (fossil.)
88. C. sub angulata, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Venus angidata, Miinster. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, 243, pi. 150, f. v. 1839. Hab. Germany, (fossil.)
89. C. subcordiformis, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
90. C. subobliqua, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Venus obliqua, Miinster. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, 243, pi. 150, f. 6, 1839. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
91. C. subro strata, Miinster. Beitr. iv. 87, pi. viii. f. 26, 1841. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
92. C. s u b t u m i d a , Meek & Hayden. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil. ix. 144. 1S57. Hab. N. America, (fossil.)
— C. tenuistria, Lamk. Lamk. v. 1848. Is Venus Chinensis, Chemn.
93. C. trapeziformis, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Venus trapeziformis, Roemer. Oolit. 109, pi. vii. f. 14. 1836. Hab. Germany, (fossil.) — C. triangularis, Turt. Brit, bivalves, 136, pi. xi. f. 19, 20. 1822.
Is Circe minima. — C. t r idacno ide s , Lamk. Lamk. v. 1818. Is Venus deformis,
Say. — C. trigona, d'Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Is Corbicula tr iang ul a,
Prime. — C. turn i da, Nyst. Coq. Tert. Belg. 148, pi. x, f. 1. .1835-1843. Is
Cyprina rustic a, Fleming. — C. umbonaria, Lamk. Lamk. v. 1818. Is Venus umbonaria. — C. vetusta, Roemer, 25, pi. vi. f. 1843. Is Cardinia vetusta,
d'Orbigny.
94. C. Vieilbancii, d'Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
— C. vulgaris, Sowb. Gen. of Shells. Is Cyprina Islandica, Lam.
I
Synopsis of the Subfamily of CLTJPEINiE, with descriptions of new Genera.
BY THEODORE GILL.
To enable the reader to better understand the descriptions of the new genera to be now proposed, we give the characters of the groups of the Clupeinae as understood by us, and a synopsis of all the known genera.
The family of Clupeoids, as restricted by the learned French icthyologist who has so well continued the great ichthyological work planned by Cuvier, is one of the most natural in the animal kingdom. There is none that exhibits greater variety of dentition ; none in which such variation is accompanied by so little difference of form or anatomical peculiarities. In the group of the true Herrings or Clupece, as we shall restrict it, there are included seventeen dig-
1861.]
3
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP
tinct genera, which are almost entirely characterized by the different combina^ tions, of teetli on the jaws and in the mouth, or the entire absence of them. There is no essential difference in the form of those teeth, and from their rela- tive positions alone are the genera distinguished. We find in the subfamily almost every variety of dentition ; almost all possible combinations from that exhibited by the genus RogeniJ, of which the famous white bait of the English, is the type, to the genus of the Shads, in which there are no teeth in any part of the mouth. In Rogenia, we find teeth, more or less developed, on every bone that enters into the composition of the mouth, as well as on the tongue. There are vomerine, palatine, pterygoid and lingual teeth, and there are also less developed intermaxillary, supramaxillary and mandibular ones. In Clupea or the herrings, and in Clupeoides of Bleeker, and llarengula of Valenciennes, the dentition is almost as full ; perhaps more perfect in the last, if we regard the size or development of the teeth. There is in each of those genera an absence of teeth on one set of the bones which enter into the composition of the mouth : ali the others are provided with teeth as in Rogenia, bat stronger on the jaws. In Ilarengula, the deficiency is of vomerine teeth ; in Clupeoides, of maxillary,* and in the herrings, the pterygoid bones are destitute. In the last group the palatine bones have also only a few isolated ones on the outside, and these being readily deciduous, may be easily overlooked. From the herrings, we pass by Kowala, Spratelloides and Sardinella of Valenciennes, and our genera Alausella and Pomolobus to Spratella, in which there are teeth only on the palatines and tongue; Meletta, in which the tongue alone is furnished, and finally to Alausa of Valenciennes, and Brevoortia of Gill, in which all the bones, as well as the tongue, are edentulous. Notwithstanding this variation of den- tition, so uniform is the shape of the body ; so little modification is there of any other part or member, that we might, perhaps with propriety, if we did not look to the dentition, unite them all in one great genus. The only very sensible variation from the type as exhibited in the herring, is that which has furnished us with the genus Brevoortia. This genus, established on the well known and very abundant " Morsebunker" or " menhaden" of our eastern coast, is distinguished from almost all of its associates, by the large head, and the more backward position of the dorsal fin, which is situated over the interval between the ventral fins and the anal. These variations, in connection with the ciliated or deeply pectinated posterior margins of the scales, have appeared to us to be of generic importance. On that genus we have bestowed the name of Brevoortia, in honor of Mr. J. Carson Brevoort, the well known ichthyologist of New York.
In the subfamily of the Clupeince, we include both Pellona of Valenciennes, and Pristigaster of Cuvier, in a distinct group ; these genera are distinguished from the true herrings, by the long anal fin, and in Pellona by generally more anterior position of the ventrals ; the dorsal is usually situated nearer to the former than to the latter. A9 there is no gradation between the long anal of the Pellona and Pristigasters to the short one of the true herrings, and as the difference of the length gives a peculiar facies to each group, the section so distinguished appears to be natural. For the present at least, we may retain Pellona and Pristigaster together, notwithstanding the want of ventral fias in the latter. For the group thus formed we may employ the name of Pellona.
• In retaining Valenciennes' name of Pellona for the group which he so designa- ted, we are well aware that he had been anticipated by both Swainson and Gray, or rather Richardson. The former naturalise has characterized, as well at least as was customary with him in ichthyology, the genus to which he gave the name of Platggaster. That name we are prevented from employing, as it had been previously applied by Latreille to a valid genus of Hymenopterous in-
"There are at least none mentioned as being present in the supramaxillary bones, by Bleeker, to whom we are indebted for our knowledge of the genus.
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 35
sects, and it had also been used by Zetterstedt for a genus of Diptera, at nearly the same period as Swainson. A species of the same genus is also described by Sir John Richardson, in his Report " on the Ichthyology of the seas of China and Japan," as Ilisha abnormis. This name is attributed to Gray in a British Museum catalogue ; we have never seen a catalogue in which the name occur?. It wa9, indeed, probably manuscript: we do not therefore know what Dr. Gray intended by the name. As Richardson suggests, the name appears to be "evidently taken from the specific appellation of one of Buchanan Hamilton's Clupea.'" But the Clupea ilisha of that naturalist is a true Alausa. If that species was intended by Gray as the type of his genus, it should be regarded as a mere synonyme of Alausa. If, however, the generic name of Ilisha was first pub- lished by Richardson, perhaps it will have to be retained in his name, for either the whole genus, or that section inhabiting the old world, and embracing species whose body is more slender, and which have a less gibbous abdomen than the species of South America. As Valenciennes was the first to well re- strict the genus and illustrate its affinities, we prefer to modify his generic name for the subfamily.
Group CLUPEjE Gill.
Anal fin little longer than high, commencing some distance behind the ver- tical of the posterior rays of the dorsal, and nearly intermediate between the ventral and caudal fins.
A.
With no spurious dorsal or anal fins.
Genus I. Clupea (Linn.) Val.
Syn. Clupea Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 28, 1847.
Body elongated and slender. Minute teeth on the intermaxillaries and near the symphysis of the dentaries. Supra-maxillaries delicately crenulated. More evident teeth in a longitudinal band on the vomer, and on the tongue. Several readily deciduous teeth on the external borders of the palatines.
Type. Clupea harengus Linn. Syn. Clupea harengus Val. Hist. N. des Poissons, vol. xx., 30.
Genus II. Sardinella Val.
Syn. Sardinella Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 28, 1847.
Body elongated and slender. Minute villiform teeth on the anterior extremity of the palatine bones, on the internal borders of the pterygoids, and on the tongue. Supramaxillaries occasionally scarcely crenulated near the extremities.
Type. Sardinella aurita Val. Hist. Nat. de3 Poissons, vol. xx., p. 263.
Genus III. Rogenia Val.
Syn. Rogenia Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 340, 1847.
Body elongated and slender. Very minute and almost imperceptible teeth on the intermaxillaries and dentaries ; stronger ones on the vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue.
Type. Rogenia alba Val. Syn. Clupea alba Yarrell.
Genus IV. Clupeonia Val.
Syn. Clupeonia Vol. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 345.
Teeth only on the pterygoids, and in a longitudinal band on the tongue.
Type. Clupeonia Jussieui Val. Syn. Clupanodon Jussieui Lac. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. v, pp. 471, 474.
1861.]
36 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP
Genus V. Harengula Val.
Syn. Harengula Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx. p. 277, 1847.
Body elongated and slender. Minute teeth on the intermaxillaries, dentaries, palatines, pterygoids and tongue. JSupramaxillaries scarcely crenulated.
Type. Harengula latula Val.
Genus VI. Cldpeoides Bleeker.
Si/n. Clupeoides Bleeker, Naturkundig Tijdschrift wor Nederlandsch Indie, vol. i. p. 274.
Body elongated and slender. Minute teeth on the intermaxillaries, dentaries, vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue.
Type. Clupeoides borneensis Bleeker.
Genus VII. Spratelloides Bleeker.
Syn. Spratelloides Bleeker, Naturkundig Tijdschrift wor Nederlandsch Indie, vol. ix. p. 775. Teeth on the intermaxillaries, dentaries, vomer and tongue. Type. Spratelloides argyrotaenia Bleeker.
Genus VIII. Spratella Val.
Syn. Spratella Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 356.
Body elongated and slender. Teeth only on the palatine bones and tongue. Type. Spratella pumila Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 357, 1857.
Genus IX. Kowala Val.
Syn. Kowala Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 362. Body elliptical. Teeth only on the jaws and pterygoids. Type. Kowala albella Val.
Genus X. Alausella Gill.
Syn. Alausella Gill. Proceed.
Body oblong, ovate. Teeth in the intermaxillaries and dentaries scattered near the symphisis, and on the tongue. Supramaxillaries finely dentated.
Type. Alausella parvula Gill. Syn. CI u pea parvula Mitchill.
Genus XI. Pomolobus (Raf.) Gill.
Syn. Pomolobus Raf. Ichthyologia Ohiensis, p. 38, (fide Kirtland.) Body elongated and slender. Teeth on the intermaxillaries, behind which,
the gums are transversely and slightly sulcated. Few teeth at the symphysis
of the lower jaw. Tongue with viliform teeth.
Type. Pomolobus cbrysochloris Storer ex Kirtland.
Syn. Alosa chrysochloris Kirtland.
Genus XII. Clupalosa Bleeker.
Syn. Clupalosa Bleeker, Verhandelingen von het Bataviaasch Genootschap, vol. xxii., Ichth. Mad., pp. 12, 24. Teeth only on the palatine bones. Lower jaw scarcely denticulated. Type. Clupalosa bulan.
Genus XIII. Meletta Val.
Syn. Meletta Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 366.
Teeth only in a longitudinal row on the tongue. Dorsal fin with no produced posterior ray.
Type. Meletta vulgaris Val.
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37
Genus XIV. Opistoonema Gill.
Syn. Clupanodon Lac, partim, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol.
Body oblong oval. Teeth in a longitudinal row on the tongue. Dorsal fin with its last ray filiform.
Type. Opisthonema thrissa Gill. Syn. Clupanodon thrissa Lac.
Genus XV. Aladsa (Cuv.) Val.
Syn. Alosa Cuv. Regne Animal
Alausa Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons. vol. xx., p. 389.
Teeth absent, or only some small and easily caducous ones on the jaws. Scales not pectinated. Dorsal fin over the ventrals. Head of moderate size.
Type. Alausa vulgaris Cuv. Syn. Alausa vulgaris Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 391.
Genus XVI. Brevoortia Gill.
Syn. Brevoortia Gill.
Teeth absent. Scales pectinated on their posterior margins. Dorsal fin nearly over the interval between the ventrals and anal. Head very large.
Type. Brevoortia menhaden Gill. Syn. Alausa menhaden Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 424.
B.
Provided with true and spurious anal fins, entirely distinct from each other ; the former of the normal size; the latter with two or more thick and well developed rays.
Genus XVII. Clupeichthts Bleeker.
Syn. Clupeichthys Bleeker, Naturkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, vol. ix., p. 274, 1855.
Intermaxillary bones prominent; the lower little longer than the upper, con- spicuous teeth on the intermaxillary, supramaxillary, palatine and pterygoid bones, and in a median longitudinal band on the tongue.
A single species is found in the rivers of the island of Sumatra.*
Type. Clupeichthys goniognathus Bleeker.
Group PELLONA Gill.
Anal fin elongated, commencing under or anterior to the last rays of the dor- sal, and near the ventrals.
a. Ventral fins present, and situated anterior to or under the first rays of the dorsal fin.
Genus XVIII. Pellona Val.
Syn. Platygaster Swainson, Natural History of Fishes, Amphibians and Rep- tiles, vol. ii. p. 294, 1839. (Not Platygaster Latreille.)
Ilisha (Gray,) Richardson, Fifteenth Ainual Report of the British Associa- tion. A.S.,
Pellona Cuv. et Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx. p. 301.
Body compressed, varying in form; in the typical species, the abdomen is
*Buchanan Hamilton, in his " Account of the Fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches," p. 236, has described a Clupeoid which has also two fins, the last provided with four rays, but there are said lo be no teeth. It has been referred to a new genus and called Corica sobrona. If it is true that there are no teeth, the species can not be congeneric with Clupeichthys goniognathus. The work of Hamilton is not at present accessible to us.
1861.]
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
very convex, but in most, the shape resembles that of the true Clupeoids. Bands of teeth on the intermaxillary, maxillary, dentary, palatine and pterygoid bones, and on the tongue, most of which are very small and almost impercep- tible.
The genus is represented by species in the rivers and seas of South America, Asia and Africa. Those of South America have the abdomen very convex ; in those of the Old World, it is much less so.
Type. Pellona Orbignyana Val.
b. Ventral fins absent.
Genus XIX. Pristigaster Cuv.
Syn. Pristigaster Cuv. Regne Animal, vol. ii.
Pristigaster Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx. p. 326.
Body compressed, with the back slightly arched, and with the abdomen very convex, and strongly serrated. Teeth present on the intermaxillary, maxillary, dentary, palatine and pterygoid bones, as well as on the tongue. Dorsal fin higher than long, situated on the anterior half of the back. Lateral line straight.
The genus as now restricted contains only the South American species, dis- tinguished by the scarcely arched back and very convex belly. The Indian species belong to another genus.
Type. Pristigaster cayanus Cuv.
Genus XX. Opisthopterus Gill.
Syn."? Apterygia Gray, Illustrations of Indian Zoology.
Pristigaster sp. Val., Hist, Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx.
Body compressed with the nape saillient, and the back convex ; the abdomen convex, and strongly serrated. Teeth present on the intermaxillary, maxillary, dentary, palatine and pterygoid bones, and on the tongue. Dorsal fin low and small, situated at the end of the second third of the back's length.
Type. Opisthopterus tartoor Gill. Syn. Pristigaster tartoor Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx. p. 328.
Descriptions of Twenty-five New Species of TJNI0NID2E from Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee and Florida.
BY ISAAC LEA.
Unio fabacecs. — Testa lrevi, oblonga, subquadrata, subinflata, postice sub- biangulata, subaequilaterali ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus ; nati- bus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, micante, obsolete radiata; denti- bus cardinalibus parvis, erectis, acuminatis, crenulatis ; lateralibus eurtis, la- mellatis subcurvisque ; margarita purpurascente, salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente.
Hab. — Oostanaula River, Georgia. Bishop Elliott.
Unio irrasus. — Testa, hevi, rotundo-trigona, inflata, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotunda; valvulis snbcrassis, antice crassioribus; natibus subelevatis, crassis; epidermide luteo-fusca, vel obsolete radiata vel eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, elevatis, subcompressis crenulatisque; lateralibus eurtis, crassis, obliquis rectisque ; margarita argentea et iridescente.
Hab. — Etowah River, Georgia. Rev. G. White.
Unio OcmcloHjensts. — Testa laevi, transversa, inflata, postice obtuse biangu- lata, antice subtruncata, valde insequilaterali ; valvulis crassis, antice crassi- oribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, eradiata, superne micaute, inferne valde striaia; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, pyramidatis
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 39
striatisque ; lateralibus praelongis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarila. argen- tea et iridescente. Hab. — Little Ocmulgee River, Lumber City, Georgia. S. W. Wilson, M. D.
Unio cicur. — Testa, laevi, oblonga, subinflata, ad latere subplanulata, postice rotundata, valde inaequilaterali ; valvulis tenuibus subdiaphanis ; natibus sub- prominentibus, ad apices undulatis ; epidermide olivacea, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvissimis, compressis subrectisque ; lateralibus longis, praetenuis, lamellatis subrectisque; margarita, caerulea et valde iridescente.
Hab. — Little Ocmulgee River, Georgia. S. W. Wilson, M. D.
Unio crapulus. — Testa laevi, obliqua, ventiicosa, ad umbonps valde tumida, valde inaequilaterali, postice rotundata, antice truncata; valvulis percrassis, antice crassioribus; natibus valde prominentibus crassisque; epidermide luteo- fusca, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus percrassis, pyrauiidatis, corrugatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus percrassis, corrugatis, obliquis sub- curvisque ; margarita alba et paulisper iridescente.
Hab. — Etowah River, Georgia. Rev, G. White.
Unio Beadleianus. — Testa laevi, subrotunda, ventricosa, suhasquilaterali, antice rotundata, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus. natibus subelevatis, incurvis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, obsolete radiata : dentibus cardinalibus magnis, erectis, compressis corrugatisque ; lateralibus crassis, curtis corrugatisque; margarita vel alba, vel rosea, et iridescente.
Ilab. — Pearl River, Jackson, .Mississippi. Rev. E. R. Beadle.
Unio Chickasawhensis. — Testa, laevi, subrotunda, subcompressa, sublenticu- lari, inasquilaterali, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotunda ; valvulis crassius- culis, antice paulisper crassioribus ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide tenebroso- fusca, eradiata, excillissime striata ; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, pyra- midatis, corrugatis crenulatisque ; lateralibus brevibus, subvalidis subcurvis- que ; margarita rosacea et valde iridescente.
Hab. — Chickasawha River, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unio cinnamomicus. — Testa la?vi, elliptica, inflata, ad umbones tumida, in- aequilaterali, postice angulata, antice rotunda; valvulis subcrassis, antice cras- sioribus ; natibus subprominentibus ; epidermide cinnamomica, inferne striata, eradiata, dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis.erectis, subcompressis crenulatisque, lateralibus curtis subrectisque : margarita albida et valde iridescente.
Hab. — Tombigbee River, Columbus, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unio pauperculus. — Testa, laevi, subrotunda, subcompressa, subequilaterali, postice subrotunda. antice rotunda; valvulis subcrassis, antice crassioribus: natibus prominulis; epidermide luteo-cornea, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus mag- nis, elevatis, decussatis ; lateralibus brevissimis, obliquis rectisque ; margarita alba, et iridescente.
Hab. — Stream near Columbus, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unio Spillmanii, — Testa, laevi, elliptica, subinflata, ina.quilaterali, postice ob- tuse angulata, antice rotundata; valvulis subcrassis, antice paulisper crassiori- bus; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca vel luteo-fusca, ad um- bones nitida, radiata; dentibus cardinalibus crassiusculis, obtuse pyramidatis, corrugatis; lateralibus longis, crassis corrugatisque; margarita vel alba, vel salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente.
Hab. — Luxpalila Creek, near Columbus, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unio flavidulus. — Testa laevi, elliptica, subinflata, valde inaequilaterali, pos- tice obtuse angulata, antice rotunda: valvulis subtenuibus, antice crassioiibus ; natibus prominulis; epidermide vel luteo-fusca. vel luteo-viridi, eradiata ; den- tibus cardinalibus parviusculis, erectis. compressis, in utroque valvulo duplici-
1861.]
40 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP
bus ; lateralibus sublongis, lainellatis subrectisque ; margarita alba et irides- cente. Hab. — Stream near Columbus, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unio anaticulus, — Testa, laevi, obliqua, ad umbones valde tumida, antice truncata, postice obtuse angulata, valde inaequilaterali ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus ; natibus elevatis, crassis, incurvis, fere terminalibus ; epi- dermide castanea, vittata, obsolete radiata, dentibus cardinalibus subcrassis, subpyramidatis crenulatisque ; lateralibus crassis, obliquis subrectisque; mar- garita argentea et iridescente.
Hab. — Near Columbus, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unio kubidus. — Testa sulcata, subtriangulnri, valde inflata, ad latere planu- lata, subaequilaterali, valvulis subcrassis, antice crassioribus; natibus subpro- minentibus, subiuflatis; epidermide tenebroso-rufo-fusca,, eradiata, superne mi- canti, inferne striata; dentibus cardinalibus crassiusculis, elevatis, subpyrami- datis crenulatisque ; lateralibus sublongis, curvis subcrassisque ; margarita vel rosacea vel alba vel salmonis colore tincta et iridescente.
Hab. — Tombigbee River, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D, ; Coosa River and Big Prairie Creek, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio decumbens. — Testa, laevi, arcuata, valde compressa, ad latere planulata. inaequilaterali, postice biangulata, antice rotunda; valvulis subtenuibus, antice et postice paulisper crassioribus ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide tenebroso-rufo- fasca, obsolete radiata, transverse striata ; dentibus cardinalibus minimis, sub- compressis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus prailongis, arcuatis ; margarita purpurascente, et valde iridescente.
Hab. — Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio germanus. — Testa, laevi, elliptica, subinflata, inaequilaterali, postice sub- biangulata. antice rotunda; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus ; natibus subpromineutibus, ad apices concentrice rugoso-undulatis ; epidermide tene- broso-fusca, eradiata, transverse striata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, erectis, compressis, creuulatis, acuminatis ; lateralibus tenuibus subcurvisque ; mar- garita purpurascente et valde iridescente.
Hab. — Coosa River, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio Lewisii. — Testa laevi, subrotunda, suborbiculari, subrequilaterali ; val- vulis crassissimis, antice crassioribus ; natibus elevatis, tumidis incurvisque : epidermide luteola,, punctata; dentibus cardinalibus crassissimis, erectis crenu- litisque ; lateralibus crassissimis, brevibus et obliquis ; margarita alba et irides- cente.
Hab. — Coosa River, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio medics. — Testa laevi, obliqua, valde inflata,, valde inaequilaterali, postice obtuse angulata, antice oblique rotundata ; valvulis crassis, postice crassiori- bus; natibus elevatis, tumidis; epidermide fusea, maculata, inferne striata, superne micanti ; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, pyramidatis crenulatisque; lateralibus crassis, rectis brevibusque ; margarita argentea. et iridescente.
Hab. — Near Uniontown, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio concolor. — Testa laevi, oblique elliptica, subinflata, inaequilaterali, postice subbiangulata, antice rotunda; valvulis subcrassis, antice crassioribus: natibus subprominentibus ; epidermide tenebroso-oliva, eradiata, ad umbones nitida, inferne striata. ; dentibus cardinalibus crassiusculis, erectis, obtuse com- pressis; lateralibus sublongis, obliquis subrectisque ; margarita alba, et irides- cente.
Hab. — Big Prairie Creek, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio verus. — Tes'a laevi, subtriangulari, subcompressa, valde inaequilaterali, postice fere rotunda, antice rotunda; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassiori-
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 41
bus ; natibus elevatis ; epidermide tenebroso-oliva, eradiata, maculata, vittata,, ad umbones micanti, inferne striata ; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, coui- presso-pyrauiidatis striatisque ; lateralibus, subbrevibus, obliquis subrectisque : margarita alba et iridescente. t
Hab.-, — Cahawba River, Perry Co., Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
TJnio asperatus. — Testa, valde tuberculata, subrotunda, inflata, antice et postice rotunda, subequilaterali ; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus valde prominentibus ; epidermide rufo-lutea, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus percrassis, obtuso-conicis, corrugatis ; lateralibus brevissimis, valde obliquis rectisque; margarita argentea et iridescente.
Hab. — Alabama River, Claiborne, Alabama. Judge Tait.
Unio ornatus. — Testa, lasvi, subrotunda, compressa, inaequilaterali, postice subrotunda, antice rotunda ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus ; nati- bus subprominentibus, ad apices rugoso-uudulatis; epidermide mellea, viridi maculata, superne nitida, inferne striata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, sulcatis ; lateralibus brevibus, obliquis rectisque; margarita argentea et valde iridescente.
Hab.— Alabama? T. R. Ingalls, M. D.
Unio perpurpureus, — Testa, laevi, elliptica,, subinflata,, inaequilaterali, postice et antice rotundata; valvulis subcrassis, antice crassioribus; natibus promi- nulis ; epidermide tenebroso-viridi, nigricente, radiis capillaris ; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, erectis, conicis,in utroque valvulo duplicibus, striatis; lateralibus longis rectisque ; margarita, valde purpurea et iridescente.
Hab. — Tennessee.- J. G. Anthony.
Unio Anthonyi. — Testa, laevi. elliptica, inflata,, ad latere planiuscula, postice obtuse biangulata, postice rotundata, inajquilaterali ; valvulis subtenuibus, antice paulisper crassioribus; natibus prominulis ; epidermide luteo-oliva, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, obliquis, subcompressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita casruleo-alba, et irides- cente.
Hab. — Florida. J. G. Anthony.
Margaritana quadrata. — Testa, laevi, oblongu, subcompressa, ad latere planulata, subaequilaterali, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotunda ; valvulis subtenuibus, antice paillisper crassioribus ; natibus prominulis, ad apices un- dulatis; epidermide luteola, viridi-radiata, ; dentibus cardinalibus subgrandi- bus, obliquis, compressis, triangularis, erectis subcurvisque; margarita alba, superne salmonis colore tincta,, et valde iridescente.
Hab. — East Tennessee, President Estabrook.
Margaritana Alabamensis. — Testa lajvi, oblonga, inflata, ad latere paulisper planulata, inaequilaterali, postice obtuse biangulata, antice oblique rotundata ; valvulis subcrassis, antice paulisper crassioribus ; natibus prominulis, ad apices rugoso undulatis; epidermide luteo-oliva, polita, eradiata; dentibus cardinali- bus parvis, suberectis ; margarita alba et salmonia et iridescente.
Hab. — Talladega Creek, Alabama. W. Spillman, M. D.
Descriptions of New Recent Shells from the Coast of South Carolina. BY EDMUND RAVENEL, M. D.
COLUMBELLA SIMILIS.
This has generally been considered the young or immature shell of " C. avara." The avara is a larger shell, and his fewer and much larger ribs at the upper portion of the body whorl. It has about 11 ribs; whereas this shell has often as many as 20 ribs, but the number varies. The avara never has all of the 1861.]
42 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF
whorls decidedly ribbed ; the larger ribs are usually confined to the body whorl, sometimes extending to the second; but above this, there is a space embracing one or more whorls, which is smooth or slightly wrinkled, and the two or three upper whorls are regularly ribbed to the apex. With the " sirnilis" the ribs on the body whorl are more numerous', smaller and more regular generally, and occupy more of the whorl, and generally all of the whorls are regularly ribbed to the apex. The general appearance of the two shells differs, one being always smaller than the other. The revolving striae are very similar in the two shells; the same may be said of the coloring, the " similis" being the most prettily mottled. It must, however, be acknowledged, that the two run into each other so nearly, that occasionally, it is not easy to determine a speci- men. The uncertainty is increased by the difficulty in following up a series from the very young to the mature state of either. I have not been able to compare the animals ; common on the coasts of North and South Carolina.
COLUMBELLA TRANSLIRATA.
Shell elevated, conical, sharp at the apex ; whorls nine, nearly flat, rather closely ribbed, ribs and interspaces about equal, with five equidistant revolving striae, from the anterior canal to the apex. Upon the upper whorls, one line is lost at the suture, where the whorls seem to overlap as they ascend ; the body whorl is much the largest, and is angulated from opposite the posterior end of the aperture, revolving to near the centre of the outer lip ; to this angle the ribs are half the number that are upon the whorl immediately above, and at the suture are nodulous ; the nodules being generally white, give a decided character to the shell. Below this angle the ribs are much less decided, and again resume their original number, and by holding the canal towards the eye, the intermediate rib can be traced, running up between the larger ones, gradually becoming obsolete ; and below this angle the revolving striae become more numerous and more decided, crossing the ribs so as to produce a reticu- lated appearance, except as they approach the end of the anterior canal, where the ribs cease and the revolving striae alone are to be seen.
Aperture moderate, oblong, rather narrow, very little hollowed on the pillar lip; pillar callus with obsolete denticulations; outer lip not decidedly thickened, denticulate slightly within.
Color varying from a light straw to a dark brown, with the ends of the ribs at the suture of the body whorl and at the angle on this whorl, white. Some of the specimens have blotches of white, which give the whole shell a mottled appearance. It is larger than C. avara Say, being nearly an inch in length. This shell and " C. similis," are allied to " C. avara" but are very distinct. They belong to the group of which C. avara Say is the type.
From the stomachs of fish off Charleston bar, and is more abundant than any species obtained from this source as yet. Dr. Stimpson found it at Beaufort, N. C.
COLUMBELLA IONTHA.
Shell fusiform, strong, small, with nine flat, ribbed whorls, white, with brown blotches and lines. Suture deep and distinct, both the upper and lower edges of the whorls being chamfered ; the ribs on the body whorl near the aperture less distinct than on other parts of the shell ; anterior portion of this whorl with numerous revolving striae ; these impressed striae give place to colored lines as they ascend, and these are continued more or less distinct to the apex, being visible only as they cross the ribs and not in the intermediate spaces, except here and there, where being more deeply colored and descend- ing between the ribs, produce the blotches which mark the shell.
The aperture is small, rather wide in proportion, the pillar lip much hollowed above, suddenly becoming straight to form the canal ; outer lip considerably enlarged, denticulated sparsely within; length a little over J of an inch.
This is a very pretty little shell, allied to the group which embraces
TFeb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43
C. pulchella Sow. and C. Jaspidea Sow., of West Indies ; this species being more elongated.
A single specimen obtained from the stomach of a blackfisb, off Charleston bar.
COLUMBELLA NIVEA.
Shell small, delicate, elongated-conic, white, immaculate, smooth, polished, prettily striated on the outer part of the canal, lower whorl longer than the spire, suture distinct, with one white revolving line a little below it on the whorls, like a double suture; pillar covered with callus, much hollowed, sud- denly becoming straight to form the canal ; callus ends in a distinct edge ; outer lip a little thickened, sparsely denticulated within, the posterior tooth being decidedly the most prominent.
This is a pretty little shell, allied to Buccinum rosaceum Gould, and C. lunata Say.
A single specimen was taken from the stomach of a fish off Charleston bar.
Nassa consensa.
Shell ovate-conical, ribbed and crossed by numerous revolving strias ; whorls 7, and the apex ; whorls rounded, with eleven strong ribs ; suture deep. Scol- loped by the ribs ; revolving striae crossing the ribs, as well as the interstitial spaces.
Aperture nearly oval, outer lip much thickened, denticulate within, the lar- gest tooth being in the form of a ridge ; next the canal ; pillar much hollowed ; with slight callus above, which is much thickened to form the canal, canal short oblique, turned backwards ; the lower portion of the pillar which turns out of the aperture to form the canal is quite white with crowded, incon- spicuous, revolving stria? ; on the pillar at the edge of the canal there is one deep groove.
Color of the shell generally yellowish-brown, with a narrow deep brown band immediately next the white projection at the canal ; next to this, on the body whorl, is a much wider band of lighter brown, which revolves at the suture to the apex of the shell ; all other portions of the shell are marked by delicate lines more or less grouped, of yellowish-brown. On the thickened portion of the outer lip these lines are here and there more deeply colored in spots.
This is a very pretty shell ; a single specimen was found in a fish off Charles- ton bar; 14 fathoms.
It resembles N. incrassaia of England, and we have seen it in collections labelled " N. ambigua Moret, West Indies."
DRtLLA ELOZANTHA.
Shell robust, conico-cylindrical, with ten whorls, which are bi-carinate, by being deeply grooved immediately above the suture, and again in the upper half of the whorl. The ridge left between these grooves is ornamented by ten strong, yellow, smooth, shining tubercles ; the upper edge of the whorl is again bevelled, forming the second carina, which is not at all nodulous. Below the nodulous carena on the body whorl, there are obsolete ribs, crossed by four nodulous ridges, the first touching the tubercles of the principal carina; below these there are eight others, some of which are obscurely nodulous ; on all parts of the shell not occupied by the tubercles or carina, there are numer- ous fine equidistant stria?, requiring the glass to bring them to view.
The aperture small, outer line made oblique by the deep sinus of the thick outer lip, just below the suture ; the pillar is nearly straight, with a strong callus, the edge of which is thick and well defined.
Color deep brown, generally, becoming a little lighter from the tubercles to the suture, embracing the upper carina; near the extremity of the canal there is a lighter colored band, taking in three of the ridges; beyond that to the extremity is again almost black. This shell is allied to the "-P. ornata"
1861.]
M PBOCEKDI376& I IHI ACADKHY JJ
■ _■ "res LI :-':;: ; " -:::.- • . .-: ::s \ ■ \ .i •
postice. zona, fuiva notatis !.::::; :orreapoad£ less than the description with the
; :*!;_ :f yzzz'.a.iz .: :he ".'zree ;ie.i:r_e::s :: _" i .::•:;■ -'.:.. .: .'.i.j ill i- :. i
r- 5 :..t: :hi= -::-; " P. aibo-wtmada:z.
i : : t . . : : . . . t . ■ - . : . . • . t . : z 7 : i .
1: : : a : r* ? : r~7*
5 .7.. : -7.7 :•- r-lar. very :':*..: ~e s:~e—z. a: : :~:_:essei s~ :::i p:.i;"_ei. with a few obsolete ribs at each eud, and ■: - the Maes
growth : beaks sm%U, pro sine rt, aearij ry much in ad van :" the
centre, anterior end short, regular..- ; .:'- : end produced, somewhat
--;:.-_-• — . i- zir-iig sro:« iz i :".:::\ies ~r:i a .: .--.
Internally polished, of a reddish-brow a id ed. with some patches of yellow.
aad a Utile white, with obscure ribs ■ - 7 jme more conspicuous near :_t :_..-;- irer.z. ::zz -Zz e::::; — .:_-.-.
Length 0*78 in., breadth 0-7 in.
This is a very pretty shell, mach mo: reason a little thic^:
stronger thar: TyriomL" Taken from the stomachs of fish off Charle-
bar. Many imperfect specimens were obtaine 1 the gastric fln 5 see zi to act readily upon it and remove the polish aad co". :
were still held together by the ligament, wh-n tfcr s :f the shell was
i'._i:i: ies:::yei. I: is ~:re :':.::;e :_:.- L — j---,.
Ltth:: :kt§
Shell thin, fragile, white; from about the middle to the end covered
-with a thin calcareous coat : from this to the posterior end quite white. Beaks very near the anterior end. bnt not terminal ; posterior end produced, much elongated, terminating in a narrow projection oc each valve from the doable margin on one valve and from the basal margin on the oti era : arranged that when the shell is closed, these projections sross each othes ibling .:me-
what the claw of a crab. Anterior end round, aad when the shell is dost - indrical from the anterior end as far as an angle :z tie dorsal me. rg just posterior to the te riaination of the ligament : from this point gradually to the end of the shell proper, where the projections are formed c i \ . z -' "- :iei.::-7 .i:_- -._er cel;.w.
Witfiin light, salmon color, shining and iridescent, the projecting points ire -::.:-.- —-.:-.
This interesting shell was fonnd imbedded in a mass of coral drawn up b y ■ zi'z.zz '..--.'.:-.~ :-=: '-■ :'s:zi-hiz-L- : :f z-.-'.-i-.z :.\z 1-r :"-.: -■:•- = .ze:e waa quite a colony of them in the thicker part of the cor ■. em small.
about i inch : the'te.: gesl :imen removed was about l\ inch. The shell was evmpletelv imbedded in a cavity of its exact form, only a little larger, quite smooth within, communicating with the exterior by a small, 3hort, open tube, through which the white points protruded. Upon breaking open the ..7. the shell was found attached by a
l-z:-y.i :i :'-e S--f*---- ::' PZECI5^
iv r::i : se .-:::.
- :•■• -:-=: ' ^ p~ ' '--= "; " '
:::zz-z, z-.-:^-: z-z.,:-: :::ae :.-: .:,-.- :, -.,:• :: '--- ^.era -z .
scenes olLabract*. It was originally prepared for EL Snaps
forthcoming report of bis Explorations across the continent in the yea: - -
NATURAL SCrEVCES OF I >HELAI ILPHIA. 45
L859, but il leem ed iletohavc ; ablished in the Proceed-
ingg )f the _-_:ademy.
The family of Pert r :a tie "eecni ei:t::n
of his " Regne Animal."' contained too unlike and h _- a-s^n-
blage of genera t : 7 med a natural one. 7 r. chiefly embracing
: the old Linneaa . : 1 having seven branchiostegal r
rong family resemblance, with, perhaps, the exception of the gemma
Apogon and Chilodipterug of Lacepede, Pamatomau of Risso. and An-boxr.
aerson. The last mentioned genera, although placed in two dorsal fins and seven branch: . i interposed be* ■ aera
of the subfa: do not appear to be rarly
related i fishes.
other hand, the genera Porno-" Centrardtus '. Dales
and Val.. placed in the section of the family with less than serea fran- chiostegal rays and with a single dorsal fin. appear to be natural aflie the F T - me time listingaiahed by 5 :• me well marked peculi-
• Of the remaining genera of the .-: : 7 - ids Orrlutes of Commerson
and Chironatws of ,-r form a natural family to which should perhaj
referred the ChUodaayli of Lacepede pl^ -amity of
S a i-«.
7 icanthi of Cuvier appear to be either members of the family of Bolo-
eentroid*, or perhaps, more properly, form a family 7 them 1 : : :i :
former.
rhe g 7 -:r m ,Dmbum, Pdata and Htiottt of C nes
natural associaf elong to a peculiar group.
The 7 - 'hodoru of Si a - the 77 - : ■ f 7 : : - - - old be also
withdrawn from the Per raay perhaps belong to ont . for
- name of Traehinoida ained.
The genei Pinqvipa. Sill'igo ani Ptrcopkk 0: ertaiaryde
beloa_ :f Perec. 1- They seem 1 aite nearly allied to each
other, and to 1 •hmoub.
The Urmmoseopi of Linnaeus form raral fan .±ri:.:; ::;
Sch rogenoid Smamekeoidg aa 7 7. mmoiii.
The -7 - .'■! -..- r 1 ind Benft I »y n:s: modern natural. ";
- ; belonging to a family -\a : from the Pc-rcoids 7? the
family has leen also referred the genus TraciicktJnf* 7 S tl ~~ iich
ma;- - in near, inury
The 1 rd sion of Curier or the abdomin.. is a. een
- - " .. " ■" ' . - - " . 1 .:_ a. a .--. "■:... aistn . :
on -
numerous sub tr 7. one of the
richest in genera and spe:- 5 ::a -.me time, one of the
most natural and most universally distribut: found in
the fresa - .nd lakes : r a", :a g :he shores of aim : -
on*.. . family attains its highest aevelopment in thetrc:
aiiiar are many of tr. s: - . es : the most i:;:aa: - . at
tha: ' ■ :s::nea fed fir rxanination can alea^ ieted
• 5 of the name gen a; ■ : the,
'" ribbean Sea, m the Western . .-- r>ical
America, and on all the - - f temperate . ■ i tropical Asia and AM. : 1
While the marine spec:-- is numerous and similar in ~. . pical
' - 3 of the gi I - - - iter sj s attaia tr. - . : _• - in -an ■. r ::.:"..-.■-; :a :':.-_ :-.:::: r .:- ines TV; a ■: -. ra an :aa:aa:
" m Europe and North ia:: ts peculiar
to E~rc alanced :a > :r:a Ajaui ibyf .a of that
- The preponderance of both genet L of species is greatlv
1861.]
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
in favor of the "New World." The genera thus peculiar to the different countries are not typical members of the family, but always more or less aberrant. In Europe, are found the Acerina represented by the genus Percis of Klein or Acerina of Cuvier ; the Percarinm represented by a single genus and species, and the still more aberrant subfamily of Asperulince with the genus Asperulus of Klein or Aspro of Cuvier.
As an offsett to the European genera, there is found in the fresh waters of the United States, a subfamily containing eight genera and numerous species. The genera which America shares in common with Europe are also more developed in the former country than in the latter, and there are species of two allied genera of which no representatives are found in Europe.
It has been already remarked that the family of Percoids is represented in Europe by three peculiar tribes or subfamilies. In North America there are only two. In the number of widely distinct forms, Europe is therefore richer than America. For the differences existing between the Grystince and the Percince can scarcely be considered as of greater value than those between the Percince on one hand and the Acerina and Asperuli on the other. The differ- ences between the two latter are equally well defined, and it is perhaps doubt- ful if those genera belong to even the same family as the typical Percoids. But if the family of Percoids has more varied types in the old world, that one found in the new exhibits far more numerous modifications, which indicate generic and specific value.
We now proceed to exhibit the characters of the subfamily of Percince and give a synopsis of all the known genera.
Percince (Bon.) Gill.
The body is elongated or oblong ovate, more or less compressed. The head in profile is more or less elongated, conical and compressed. The eyes mostly or entirely in the anterior half of the head, are generally of large size. The mouth is large or moderate, with the gape extending at least to the anterior margin of the eye. The teeth are generally villiform, rarely canine, and cover the jaws, vomer and palatine bones. The intei'maxillary bones have very short ascending processes, and are scarcely protractile. The nostrils are two on each side, forming the angles of a transversely oblong or elongated quad- rangle ; the anterior nostrils are subtubular, and the posterior simple aper- tures. The opercular bones are more or less pectinated or armed with teeth ; the operculum terminates in generally one or more spiniform processes. Th« branchiostegal membrane is very deeply emarginated, the sinus extending to between the corners of the mouth ; there the membranes of opposite sides appear to be folded across each other, and leave a very narrow free margin ; there are seven branchiostegal rays on each side, decreasing in size quite uniformly to the external. The scales are of moderate or small size, and on the trunk are pectinated and with a narrow muricated border ; those on the head are either pectinated or cycloid ; the scales on the cheeks are smallest, and occasionally scarcely perceptible. The dorsals are two in number, and are either entirely disconnected or united at the base by a low membrane : the first dorsal is well developed, and supported by from seven to fifteen spines, the longest of which generally equal the height of the second dorsal. The anal fin is generally shorter than the second dorsal ; it has two or three spines and from six to thirteen branched rays. The pectorals are of small or moderate size, in the normal percoid position on the humeral cincture, and have rounded margins. The ventrals are also of moderate size and situated behind the bases of the pectorals ; they have each one spine and five gradually decreasing branched rays ; the innermost ray is free from the abdomen, or scarcely connected to it by an axillar membrane.
The subfamily of Percince as thus limited is a very natural one. Its charac-
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 47
ters in many respects correspond to those of the first group of the Percoids of Giinther, called by him Percina, but several genera are introduced into the latter which destroy the natural character of the group. The genus Parala- brax of Girard belongs more properly to the Serranince, as does also Etelii of Cuvier and Valenciennes. On the systematic value of Acerince and Aspru. we have already remarked. Boleosoma and Pileoma of Dekay are certainly not natural members of the Percince, nor can they even be properly regarded as belonging to the same family ; they are more nearly allied to the Gobioidg. Finally, Enoplosus of Cuvier appears to be the type of a distinct subfamily.
The Percina, although represented by many generic forms, are not numer- ous in species. Many of them are found in fresh water, and probably all of them ascend rivers for a short distance, at some period of the year or are found at their mouths.
The following scheme is supposed to show nearly the natural order and characters of the known genera. As several of them have not been seen by us, we remain in doubt as to their natural position.
S i.
Intermaxillary and palatine bones provided with some large teeth, arranged in rows ; rest of the teeth villiform. Tongue toothless.
Genus Stizostedion (Raf.) Girard.
Les Sandres Cuv., Regne Animal, ed. i. vol. ii. p. 294, . . . 1817. Stizostedion Raf., Ichthyologia Ohiensis, p. 23, . . , . . 1820.
Lucioperca Cuv. et Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. ii. p. 110, . 1828. Sandrus Stark, Elements of Natural History, vol. i. p. 465, . . . 1828.
Body slender, elongate-fusiform, covered with scales arranged in oblique rows. Head semiconical, quite broad, with the cheeks and opercula generally covered with scales ; isolated patches of scales on the sides of the posterior part of the head ; rest of the head covered with a naked skin. Preoperculum serrated ; operculum armed with from one to five spines. Dorsal fins two : the first supported by from twelve to fifteen spines.
This genus is peculiar to the fresh water streams, rivers and lakes of North America and Europe.
§ II-
Intermaxillary, vomerine and palatine bones provided only with villiform teeth.
A. Pseudobranchiae present.
a.
Head with its superior surface scaleless, or only with two scaly areas on each side of the posterior part. Anterior dorsal fin provided with from seven to fifteen spines. Tongue without teeth.
*
Lateral line linear, ceasing at the base of the caudal fin.
Genus Perca Linn., Cuv.
Perca sp. Linn., Systema Natura?.
Perca sp. Cuv. et Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. ii.
Perca Giinther, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fish, &c, vol. i. p. 62.
Body elongate-fusiform. Head conical in profile, covered on the cheeks and preoperculum, suboperculum and upper part of the operculum with cycloid scales of moderate size. Operculum generally naked and radiatedly striated. Preoperculum with its anterior margin well defined and entire, and
1861.J
48 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP
its true margin serrated posteriorly, and inferiorly armed generally with teeth curved forwards. Operculum with a single spine. Suborbital bone entire. Suprascapular, scapular and coracoid bones serrated. Dorsal fins entirely disconnected ; the first provided with from twelve to fifteen spines. Anal fin furnished with two spines.
This genus, of which the common Yellow Perch is the type, is peculiar to Europe and North America. Its species are not yet well defined or known.
Type. Perca fluviatilis Linn.
Genus Kdhlia Gill.
Perca sp. Cuv. et Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. ii. p. 52. Percichthys sp. Giinther, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fish. &c, vol. i. p. 62. '
Body elongated, fusiform. Head conical. Anterior dorsal fin sustained by nine spines ; the posterior with a spine and about eleven articulated rays.
A single species is known ; it is peculiar, so far as known, to the Island of Java.
Type. Kuhlia ciliata Gill. Syn. Perca ciliata Cuv. et Val.
Genus Niphon Cuv. et Val.
Niphon Cuv. et Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. ii. p. 131.
Body elongated and subfusiform. Head oblong-conical in profile. Lower jaw longer. Preoperculum posteriorly serrated, armed below with anteriorly recurved spines, and at the angle with a large horizontal one. Operculum with three strong spines. Suborbital bone serrated. Dorsal fins connected at the base by a little elevated membrane ; the anterior with twelve spines. Anal fin with three moderate spines. A single species is found in the Chinese and Japanese seas.
Type. Niphon spinosus Cuv. el Val.
* *
Lateral line elevated and continued between the median rays to the margin of the forked caudal fin.
Genus Centropomus (Lac.) Cuv.
Labrax sp. Klein.
Centropomus sp. Lacepede, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. iv. p. 248.
Centropomus Cuv., Regne Animal, ed. i. vol. ii.
Body elongated and fusiform. Head oblong-conical in profile. Lower jaw longer. Preoperculum with the anterior margin furnished with two spines at its angle, and with its posterior and inferior serrated and armed at the angle with larger teeth directed backwards. Operculum with no true spine. Sub- orbital and suprascapular bones serrated. Dorsal fins entirely disconnected ; the first sustained by eight spines. Anal fin trapezoidal, with three spines, the second of which is very large, and with about six branched rays.
Several species are found in the Carribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and along the neighboring coasts.
Type. Centropomus undecimalis Lac.
b.
Head with its dorsal surface covered with scales, extending almost to the nostrils. Anterior dorsal fin furnished with from nine to eleven spines.
b*.
Teeth on the jaws and palate villiform ; tongue or interbranchial isthmus with villiform teeth.
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49
Genus Labrax Klein, Gill.
Labrax sp. Klein, Historian Piscium prornovendae Missus quintus et ultinaus,
p. 25. Labrax sp. Cuv., Regne Animal, ed. i. vol. ii. Labrax Gill, Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philada., 1860,
p. 111.
Body elongated and subfusiform. Head conical in profile, mostly covered with cycloid scales. Tongue furnished with teeth arranged in a marginal band and in an oval patch at its .base. Preoperculum posteriorly serrated, below armed with spines directed forwards. Operculum with two spines. Suborbital bone entire. Dorsal fins disconnected ; the first supported by nine spines. Anal fin with three spines and about ten branched rays.
There is only a single species of the genus Labrax, as that genus has re- cently been restricted ; it is found in the Mediterranean Sea and along the western coasts of Europe.
Type. Labrax diacanthus Gill. Syn. Labrax lupus Cuv. et Vol., auct.
Genus Dicentrarchus Gill. Perca sp. Geoffrey. Labrax sp. Cuv. et Val.
Dicentrarchus Gill, Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philada., 1860, p. 111.
This genus has been separated from the preceding on account of the presence of only two spines in the anal fin, and the smaller and less recurved teeth of the inferior margin of the preoperculum.
Only one species is known ; it has only been taken in the Mediterranean Sea.
Type. Dicentrarchus elongatus Gill. Syn. Labrax elongata Cuv. et Val.
Genus Roccus Gill. Roccus Mitchill. Lepibema sp. Rafinesque.
Roccus Gill, Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philada., p. 111.
Head conical in profile ; cheeks covered with cycloid scales. Tongue pro- vided with a band of villiform teeth on each side and in a single or divided patch at its base. Preoperculum posteriorly pectinated, below serrated. Operculum armed with two spines. Suborbital bones entire. Dorsal fins not united by the membrane ; the anterior with nine spines. Anal fin furnished with three spines and from eleven to fourteen branched rays.
Subgenus Roccus Gill.
Body elongated and subfusiform. Teeth on the base of the tongue arranged in longitudinal patches.
The only known species is the common "rock fish " or " striped bass " of the Americans ; it dwells in the sea, and ascends the fresh water streams to spawn.
Type. Roccus lineatus Gill. Syn. Labrax lineatus Cuv. et Val.
Subgenus Lepibema Gill.
Body oblong-ovate and compressed. Teeth crowded at the base in a single oval patch.
1861.] 4
50 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP
Only one species of this subgenus is known ; it is found in the rivers and lakes of the northern and central parts of the North American continent.
Type. Roccus chrysops Gill. Syn. Labrax multilineatus Cuv. et Val.
Genus Morone Gill. Morone sp. Mitchill.
Morone Gill, Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philada., 1860, p. 111.
Body oblong-ovate, compressed, slightly gibbous at the commencement of the dorsal fin. Head conical in profile, entirely covered with ctenoid scales. Tongue provided only with a marginal band of villiform teeth. Preoperculuni pectinated behind and below. Operculum armed Avith two spines. Sub- orbital bones entire. Dorsal fins joined at their base by the slightly elevated membrane ; first provided with nine spines. Anal fin with three spines and from seven to eleven branched rays.
Two species are known, both of which are peculiar to North America and the neighboring islands.
Type. Morone Americana Gill. Syn. Labrax Americanus Holbrook.
Genus Lateolabrax Bleeker. Labrax sp. Cuv. et Val. Perca-Labrax sp. Temminck et Schlegel. Lateolabrax Bleeker.
Percalabrax Giinther, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes, &c, vol. i. p. 70, 1859.
Body elongated and subfusiform. Head conical in profile, covered with ctenoid scales. Preoperculuni serrated behind, armed below with teeth re- curved forwards. Operculum with two spines. Suborbital bones entire. Dorsal fins entirely separated ; the anterior with eleven spines. Anal fin sus- tained by three spines and eight rays.
The tongue is smooth, but the interbranchial isthmus has small areas of villiform teeth.
A single species is found in the seas on the southern and south-eastern coasts of Asia and the neighboring archipelagoes.
Type. Lateolabrax Japonicus Bleeker. Syn. Labrax Japonicus Cuv. et Val.
b.**
Jaws, vomer and palate furnished with granular teeth.
Genus Psammoperca Richardson. Labrax sp. Cuv. et Val. Psammoperca Richardson, Voyage of the Erebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 116.
Body oblong-ovate, compressed. Head conical in profile. Preoperculum with the anterior margin concealed ; the posterior serrated, the inferior eden- tulous, and armed at its angle with a strong horizontal spine. Suborbital bones entire. Dorsal fins connected at the base ; the anterior with eight spines. Anal fin shorter than the second dorsal, with three spines and nine rays.
One species is known ; it is an inhabitant of the Indian and Australian Seas.
Type. Psammoperca waigiensis Bleeker. Syn. Labrax waigiensis Cuv. et Val.
Genus Hypopterus Gill.
Psammoperca sp. Giinther, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fish, &c, vol. i. p. 69.
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51
Body ovate and compressed. Head conical in profile. Preoperculum ser- rated behind, entire below, and armed at its angle 'with a large horizontal spine. Operculum with its posterior angle subrotundate. Suborbital bones serrated. Anterior dorsal with eight spines, the third of which is elongated. Anal fin longer than the second dorsal, and furnished with three spines and about thirteen rays.
Type. Hypopterus macropterus Gitl. Syn. Psammoperca macropterus Gtinther.
b. * * * Villiform teeth on the jaws, vomer and palate ; none on the tongue.
Genus Percichthys Girard.
Perca sp. Cuv. et Val., Jenyns.
Percichthys sp. Girard, Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Phiada., vol. vi. p. 197, 1854.
Body and caudal peduncle elongated. Head conical in profile, with the snout obtusely rounded or convex. Preoperculum serrated behind, armed below with teeth directed forwards. Operculum armed with a single spine. Preorbital bones scarcely serrated. Dorsal fins connected at the base by an elevated membrane ; anterior with nine spines. Anal fin armed with three spines. Branchiostegal membrane on each side with seven rays.
This genus is composed of species peculiar to the fresh water streams of the temperate transandean and the southern parts of South America.
Type. Percichthys chilensis Girard.
Genus Percosoma Gill.
Percichthys sp. Girard, Gunther.
Body elongated, but with the caudal peduncle quite short. Head conic in profile, with the snout obtusely rounded. Lower jaw and suborbital bones cavernous. Preoperculum serrated behind, armed below with recurved teeth. Operculum armed with one spine. Dorsal fins joined at the base by the elevated membrane ; anterior with nine or ten spines. Anal fin armed with three spines.
The branchiostegal membrane appears to have only six rays on each side.
A single species is known to inhabit the fresh water streams of Chili.
Type. Percosoma melanops Gill. Syn. Percichthys melanops Girard.
Genus Deuteropterus Gill.
Perca sp. Cuv. et Vol. Percichthys sp. Gwither.
Body elongated. Head conical in profile. Preoperculum finely dentated behind and beneath. Operculum terminating in a spine, above which a lobe is present. Suborbital bone serrated. The anterior dorsal fin furnished with nine spines ; the second long, with a spine and about seventeen rays. Anal fin with three spines and about ten branched rays.
Only one species of the genus is known ; its habitat is unknown.
Type. Deuteropterus marginatus Gill. Syn. Perca marginata Cuv. et Vol.
b. * * *
Head entirely covered with scales. Preoperculum mostly entire. Anterior dorsal with about six rays.
1861.]
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Genus Liopropoma Gill. Perca sp. Poey, Memorias sobra la Historia Natural de la isla de Cuba, vol. ii.
Body slender and subfusiform. Head elongated, conic in profile and ante- riorly acute. Preoperculum entire. Operculum armed with a strong spine. Scales covering the whole head and the bases of the vertical fins. Dorsal fins connected at their bases ; the anterior with six spines, the middle of which are longest ; the second armed with three spines regularly increasing in length. Anal fin with three spines ; the fin increasing in height poste- riorly. Caudal fin ernarginate. Lateral line anteriorly strongly curved.
A single species is found in the island of Cuba.
Type. Liopropoma aberrans Gill. Syn. Perca aberrans Poey, Memorias sobra la Historia Natural de la isla de Cuba, vol. ii. p. 125, pi. 12, figs. 2, 3.
B.
Pseudobranchiffi absent or rudimentary. Tongue smooth. Teeth villi- forrn.
Genus Lates Cuv. Perca sp. Gmelin. Centropomus sp Lacepede. Lates Cuv., Regne Animal, ed. i. vol. ii.
Body oblong-ovate and compressed. Head conical in profile. Preopercu- lum serrated behind, dentated below and armed at its angle with a large horizontal spine. Operculum with one spine. Suborbital bone serrated. Dorsal fins scarcely joined at the base ; the anterior furnished with seven or eight spines. Anal fin with three spines and about eight or nine branched rays.
The species of Lates have been only found as yet in Egypt and the rivers of the East Indies and China.
Type. Lates niloticus Cuv.
Genus Cnidon Miiller and Troschel.
Cnidon Miiller and Troschel, Horje Ichthyologies, vol. i. p. 21.
Body elongated. Head conical in profile. Preoperculum serrated behind, entire below and armed at the angle with a strong horizontal spine. Opercu- lum spinous. Suborbital bone nearly entire. Dorsal fins two ; the anterior with seven spines, the second provided with a spine and about thirteen branched rays. Anal fin with three spines and about nine branched rays.
The only species has been discovered in the Philippine islands.
Type. Cnidon chinensis Miiller and Troschel.
Synopsis generum Rhyptici et afflnium. THEODORE GILL, AUCTORE.
Rhypticus Cuv.
Rhypticus Cuv. Regne Animal, vol. ii.
Anthias sp. Bloch. Systema Ictathyologire, Schneid. ed.
Corpus oblongum, compressum, antice altius. Preoperculum rotundatum, postice spinis crassis duabusarmatnm ; operculum triaculeatum. Pinna dorsalis longa, spinis duabus vel tribus portioni posteriori membrana conjunctis. Pin- na analis spinis carens, vel spina minuta praedita. Pinna caudalisrotundata.
I. Rhypticus saponaceus Cuv.
Jabonsillo Parra, Descripcion de deferentes Prezas de Historia Natural, p. 51, pi. 24, fig. 2, 1787.
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 53
Anthias saponaceus Block. Systema Ichthyologia?, Schneid. ed. p. 310. LeSavonier, commun \ „ , ■„■ , „. . ., . , _ . ....
Rypticus saponaceus \ Cuv' and VaL> Hist Nat de3 Poissons> Tol« l"- P- 63- Rypticus saponaceus Storer, Synopsis of Fishes of North America, p. 37 ; ib. iu
Memoirs of American Academy, vol. ii. Rbypticus saponaceus Gunther, Catalogue of Acanthopterygian Fishes, &c, p.
172. Habitat in mare Caribbeo.
H. Rhypticus arenatus Cuv. and Val.
Rj-pticus arenatus Cuv. and Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. iii. p. 65, pi. xlv. Rbypticus arenatus Gilnther, Catalogue of Acanihopterygian Fishes, &c, p. 173. Habitat littore Braziliano ; Cuv. and Val. Insulis Jamaica et Trinitate; Giintker.
III. Rhypticus subbifrenatus Gill.
Caput longitudinis totii 28 — 100; cauda quintam formans. Altitudo corporis longitudinis 22 — 100 aequans. Color norescente-fuscu=, maculis remotis nigris ornatus, caput macularum seriem duarum pictum ; series una maculis quatuor, a orbita ad operculi membranam spiniformam current! ; alia maculis niinori- bus tribus, a oculi angulo externo-superiori ad suprascapular currenti.
D. iii. 23. A. 15. P. 16, V. i. 5.
Habitat ad insulam Sancti Thomasi in mare Caribbeo. A. H. Ruse.
IV. Rhypticus nigripinnis Gill.
Caput longitudine longitudinis quart am superans, altitudo corporis longitu- dinis quintam superans (=21 — 100.) Pinna caudalis non longitudinis quintam formans (=19 — 100.) Color purpureo-fuscus, immaculatus, pinnis nigro margi- natis.
D. ii. 27. A. 16. P. 14. V. i. 5.
Habitat ad " Panama," Rev. I. Rowell.
Promicropterus Gill. Rypticus sp. ITolbrook, Ichthyology of South Carolina, p. 39.
Corpus oblongum, valde dorso arcuatum. Preoperculum rotundatum, spinis duabus armatum. Operculum triaculeatum. Pinnae dorsales disjunctae, an- teriori, spinis duabus aportione radiosa remotis. Pinna analis spinis carens. Pinna caudalis rotundata.
I, Promicropterus maculatus Gill.
Rypticus maculatus Holbrook, Ichthyology of South Carolina, p. 39, pi. vi. fig. 2. Rhypticus maculatus Gunther, Catalogue of Acanthopterygian Fishes, &c, p. 173. Habitat Carolina Meridionalis littore, Holbrook I
Smecticus Val.
Smecticus Val., Voyage de la Venus, Poissons, p. 305. Rypticus sp. Val., olim ; Ganther.
Corpus oblongum. Preoperculum rotundatum, postice spinis duabis arma- tum ; operculum triaculeatum. Pinna dorsalis spinis decim armata, spinis tri- bus anterioribus validioribus. Pinna analis spinis duabus prsedita.
I. Smecticus bicolor Val.
Rypticus bicolor Valenciennes, Voyage de la Venus, Poissons, pi. ii. fig. 2. Smecticus bicolor Valenciennes, Voyage de la Venus, Poissons (text,) p. 307.
1861.]
54: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Rbypticus bicolor Giinther, Catalogue of Acanthopterygian Fishes, &c, p. 173.
Color corpore capiteque rubens, albida marmoratus, pinnis niger. Habitat ad insulas " Gallapagos."
Dermatolepis Gill.
Corpus oblongo-ovatum, antice altius, compressum. Caput magnitudine modicum, compressum ; e visu laterali breviter conicum. Os modicum, obli- quum. Dentes cardiformes in maxillis, vomere et ossibus palatinis. Preoper- culum subaDgulatum, integrum. Operculum triaculeatum. Pinna dorsalis longa, supra pinnarum pectoralium bases incipiens; portio spinosa longior, spinis undecim armata, spinis posterioribus brevibus, subaequalibus, portio posterior altior, in medio altissimus. Pinna analis spinis tribus et radiis novem vel de- cim pradita. Pinna caudalis truncata.
Dermatolepis punctatus Gill.
Caput longitudinis totii quartam formans, corporis altitudine brevius. Color purpureo-fuscus vel purpureus, capite bene nigro maculatus, corpore maculis distantioribus et obscurioribus. Pinna caudalis albo-fusco maculata et margi- nata.
D. xi. 20. A. iii. 9. P. 18. V. i. 5.
Longitudo cerciter bipedalis.
Habitat ad Promontorium "St. Lucas," J. Xantus !
Descriptions of New Species of SCHIZOSTOMA, ANCULOSA and LITHASIA.
BY ISAAC LEA.
Schizostoma Spillmanii. — Testa stria'a, subcylindracea., subcrassa, luteo-fus- ca, imperforate ; spira obtusa, conoidea, ; suturis impressis ; anfractibus seuis, valde vittatis, planulatis, ultimo grandi ; fissura obliqua subbrevique ; aper- tura grandi, ovata, intus vittata, ad basim obtuse angulata ; columella alba, superne incrassata; labro-acuto sinuatoque.
Hab. — Coosa River, Alabama. Dr. Showalter.
Anculosa turbinata. — Testa laevi, subrotunda, crassa, ponderosa, tenebroso- cornea, trivittata ; spira obtusa, vix exerla ; suturis valde impressis ; anfracti- bus quaternis, ultimo pergrandi ; apertura magna, ovata, intus albida, trivitta- ta, ad basim recurvata ; columella incurva, impressa. ; labro acuto, expanso, sinuato.
Uab. — North Alabama. Prof. M. Tuomey and Dr. Lewis. Tuscaloosa, Dr. Budd.
Anculosa Lewisii. — Testa, laevi, elliptica, subcrassa subinflata, luteo-cornea ; spina obtusa, vix exerta, acuminata ; suturis vix impressis; anfractibus quinis, ultimo pergrandi ; apertura magna, regulariter ovata, intus albida ; collumella incurva, superne et infeme paulisper incrassata; labro acuto, subexpanso, paulisper sinuato.
JIab. — Tennessee. James Lewis, M. D.
Anculosa Coosaensis. — Testa laevi, obtuso-conica, crassa, tenebroso-cornea, valde vittata ; spira, exerta, ad apic*s obtusa; suturis valde impressis; an- fractibus quaternis inferne suturis valde consttictis. ultimo magno ; apertura, rotundata, albida, intus valde vittata; columella incrassata. incurva, tenebroso- purpurea ; labro acuto, expanse-.
Hab. — Coosa River, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Lithasia fusiformis. — Testa sulcata, fusiformi, subtenui, rufo-fusca, quadro- vittata. ; spira conoidea; suturis irregulariter impressis; anfractibus senis, ultimo magno et paulisper inflato ; apertura elongato-rhomboidea, intus albida,
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55
quadro-vittata, ad basim eanaliculata et reeurvatfi ; columella sigmoidea, su- perne incrassata; labro subconstricto, margine acuto. Hab. — Coosa River, Alabama. E. R. Show-alter, M. D.
Lithasia imperialis. — Testa tubereulata, fusiformi, subcrassa, tenebroso- cornea; spira elevata, conoidea ; suturis irregulariter et valde impressis; an- fractibus senis, ultimo subgrandi, superne irregulariter tuberculatis, subinfla- tis; apertura parviuscula, elongato-rhornboidea., intus albida, fuscis capillaris instructis, ad basim eanaliculata et recur vata ; columella sigmoidea, superne paulisper incrassata; labro subexpanso, margine acuto.
Hab. — North Alabama. Prof. Tuomey.
Lithasia Tuomeyi. — Testa, tubereulata, valde inflata, subcrassa, tenebroso- cornea ; spira obtuso conoidea. ; suturis impressis; anfractibus quinis, ultimo grandi, infra suturis oblique tuberculatis ; apertura magna, rhomboidea, intus albida, obsolete vittata, ad basira eanaliculata ; columella valde incurvata, su- perne et inferne incrassata; labro expanso, margine acuto.
Hab. — North Alabama. Prof. M, Tuomey.
Lithasia subglobosa. — Testa, tubereulata, subglobosa, crassd, luteo-cornea, bivittata; spira vix exerta; suturis impressis ; anfractibus quinis, ultimo gian- dissimo, apud humeris tuberculatis ; apertura magna, rhomboidea, intus alba, bivittata, ad basim eanaliculata; columella valde incurvata, superue et inferne valde incrassata ; labro expanso, margine acuto.
Hab. — Tennessee. Prof. G. Troost.
Lithasia dilatata. — Testa laevi, subglobosa, subcrassa, glauco-virente, in- fra suturis luteola, obsolete vittata ; spira obtuse conoidea; suturis irregulari- ter impressis ; anfractibus quinis, ul'imo magno et ventricoso ; apertura grandi, subrhomboidea, intus fuscescente, ad busim angulata; columella inferne et su- perne incrassata, incurva; labro acuto et valde dilatata.
Hab. — Tennessee. Prof. G. Troost.
Description of a new species of NERITINA, from Coosa Eiver, Alabama.
BY ISAAC LEA.
Neritina Showalterii. — Testa, lasvi, rotundata, diaphana, luteo-cornea; spira. valde depressa ; suturis leviter impressis ; anfractibus trinis, inflatis ; apertura semirotunda ; labio dilatato, albo, incrassato, edentulo et incurvato ; labro dilatato, tenui, margine acuto.
Operculum .
Hab. — Coosa River, ten miles above Fort William, Shelby Co., Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Remarks. — The discovery of this shell by Dr. Showalter marks the first notice of the genus Neritina being observed in our fresh waters. His very close observation and active investigation of the waters of central aud northern Alabama, have enabled him to lay the naturalists of this country under many obligations by new discoveries, and this is certainly one of much importance. We now see for the first time that this genus, which is common in Europe, Africa, Asia, South America and the West Indies, also inhabits our southern fresh waters. I have great pleasure in naming the species after the discoverer.
This species is not closely allied to any which has come under my notice. It is more rotund than usual, has a clear horn-colored epidermis, smooth and shining ; the substance of the shell so thin as to permit the column to be visible through it.
It is to be regretted that among the four specimens sent to me by Dr. Sho- walter, neither had an operculum. The soft parts of the animal have not yet been observed.
1861.]
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP
Descriptions of two new species of ANODONTJE, from Arctic America. BY ISAAC LEA.
Axodonta Kenmcottii. — Testa laevi, elliptica subinflata, insequilaterali, pos- tice obtuse biangulata, antice rotunda ; valvulis subtenuibus ; natibus promi- nentibus, acuminatis, ad apices granulatis ; epidermide pallido-lutea usque tenebroso-fusca, eradiata; ruargarita saeruleo-alba et iridescente.
Hub. — Great Slave Lake at Fort Rae, aud north end of Lake "Winnipeg, Arctic America. R. Kennicott.
Anodonta Simpsoniana. — Testa, lam, elliptic^, subeompressa, elongato-len- ticulari, postice obtuse angulata., antice rotunda ; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus prominulis, ad apices undulatis ; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, eradiata; marga- rita camileo-alba et iridescente.
Hab. — Fort Rae, Great Slave Lake, Arctic America. R. Kennicott.
March 5 th. Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Forty-three members present.
The following papers were presented for publication :
" Descriptions of twelve new species of Uniones from Alabama, by Isaac Lea."
" Remarks on a species of Osmerus, taken in the Schuylkill, below Fairmouut dam, by Thaddeus Norris."
And were referred to Committees.
Mr. Lea read extracts from a letter from T)r. Showalter, TTniontown, Alabama, in which he expresses a belief that the genus Schizostoma is found only in the Coosa River.
The deaths of Dr. Samuel Moore, a member, at Philadelphia, on the 18th of February, and of Prof. F. Tiedemann, of Heidelberg, a corres- pondent of the Academy, were announced.
March 12th. Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Forty-seven members present. A paper was presented for publication entitled
" Notes on new and rarer species of Diatomacete of the United States, by Francis W. Lewis, M. D.," and was referred to a Committee.
Dr. Stewardson read extracts from a letter from Prof. Wyman, of Cam- bridge, dated Feb. 24, 1861, in relation to the habits of Anableps, which, swimming as it usually does upon the surface of the water, and sometimes leaving that element entirely, is enabled, by the peculiar structure of its eyes, to see as well in air as water, the upper half of the eye being especially adap- ted to receive the rays of light from the atmosphere, the lower half, from the water.
March 19th.
Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Forty-five members present.
Copies of the Proceedings for January and February were laid on the table.
[March,
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 57
Mr. Lea read portions of a letter from Dr. Lewis, of Mohawk, N. Y., in relation to the habits and growth of Unionidfe.
In the letter read, Dr. Lewis observes that there are excellent reasons for believing that the dark lines upon the exterior of the Uniones, usually supposed to in irk the annual stages of growth, are really year marks, and in proof ad- duces his observation upon shells found in the Erie canal near Mohawk. This canal, from the 1st of April until the close of navigation, has a depth of from 5 to 7 feet; when closed by ice, this level is reduced so that the mud at the bot- tom is frozen to the depth of from 4 to 10 inches. In early spring, the water is drawn down for repairs, and the mud exposed. During summer, the canal is richly supplied with materials for the growth both of the shell and soft-parts of the Molluscs. Thus in summer these Molluscs grow rapidly, whilst in winter there must be a period of repose, during which developement is partially sus- pended, partly because there is less food, but more certainly because the Uniones burrow deeply in the mud to be beyond the reach of frost. "That they do burrow, I know," says Dr. Lewis, by the following facts. In one por- tion of the canal, several years ago, I found a considerable depth of frozen mud enclosing Uniones, Margaritanae and Anodontse —all dead. After this mud was softened by the sun, great numbers of those Molluscs made their way to the surface from below. Again, in certain portions of the canal, where the bottom was being excavated to the depth of 12 to 18 inches, early in spring, last year, Uniones were turned up from the lowest depths, while only very few had yet made their appearance at the surface.
A certain portion of the canal, which some 7 or 8 years ago had been com- pleted for about 8 or 9 years, then produced shells in which none of the speci- mens I could find there presented a greater number of year marks than the period would lead us to expect, if those marks be really year marks. I distinctly recollect having counted the year marks of numerous specimens at the time I speak of, with the fact before me that the shells could not have an age greater than 8 or 9 years "
In regard to the age at which various species of Naiades become capable of re- producing their species, Dr. Lewis " has noticed that no ova are discoverable in some species until after they have attained two, three or four year marks."
He thinks " Anodontae mature earlier than Margaritanae, while these latter mature earlier than Uniones proper."
In reference to the study of the developement of the Unio from its embryonic form, he makes the following suggestions : — " I would isolate species from each other in shallow cisterns of considerable area, permitting a small current of water to enter the cisterns, so as not to agitate the stratum of mud at the bottom, and provide a strainer of cloth at the point where the waste water is permitted to escape, so as to retain on its inclined surface whatever minute forms might be floated there. Many germs, no doubt, would thus be easily accessible, without any confusion of species, and by making daily examinations of the deposits on the strainer, the developement of species could be studied up to that point when the true character of the Mollusc begins to be apparent. "
His efforts to transplant the Unio radiatus froui the lakes to the Erie canal have been unsuccessful, but in the course of them, he observed "that there is not a uniformity either in form or color in different individuals. The appendages of the syphons, as well as I am able to state from memory, do not seem to present the same appearances in detail, in all individuals. I think, however, that the variations in appearance may be ascribed to some habit of the animal — or may relate to its momentary condition. Sex may also have something to do with it."
In a postscript he states that he is inclined to think that the marks observable on Paludinse are year marks. Judging by these and the examination of the soft- parts, Paludinse, he says, begin to bear young about the third or fourth year. When they begin to bear young, two, three, four or five young are the first pro-
1861.]
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP
geny. The size of the young in the first progeny is not different from the size of the young produced by a full grown adult, bearing from 16 to 25 young at one gestation. The number of young, therefore, produced by an individual, in Paludina, corresponds to the size of the parent."
The deaths of Mr. David March Warren, on the 10th inst., and Dr. Richard Clements, on the 13th inst., members of the Academy, were announced.
March 26th.
Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Thirty-five members present.
On report of the respective Committees, the following papers were ordered to be published in the Proceedings :
Remarks on a species of OSMERIIS taken in the Schuylkill, below
Fairmount Dam.
BY THAD. NORRI8.
Form. — Elliptical, elongated ; section oval ; breadth compared with its length (exclusive of caudal) as 2 to 11, and head from tip of lower jaw to posterior angle of opercle as 5 to 22.
Lower jaw projecting, with an upward curve ; scales on all the gill covers, largest on preopercle ; five large recurved teeth on the tongue, the largest on the extreme point ; two of the same kind on the front of the upper jaw ; no teeth on the vomer, but a patch of small ones on the palatine bones and maxillaries.
Cnlor. — Silvery steel above, with light greenish reflections ; a distinct streak of bright roseate purple extending immediately above and along the lateral line ; sides silvery ; belly brilliantly white. Branchial rays 8. — D 11, C 20 ; P 11 ; V 8 , A 15. — The second dorsal has about twenty minute but distinct cartilaginous rays ; tail forked, upper lobe slightly longest.
The points of difference between this and the 0. viridescens are the more Southern habitat of the new species, its smaller and more uniform size, and the distinct roseate purple of the streak above the lateral line. 0. viridescens, (the northern smelt,) attains the length of 12 inches. I have seen the new species here described in quantities at New Brunswick, New Jersey, but never exceeding 6] inches exclusive of caudal.
Storer enumerates 14 rays in the pectorals of 0. viridescens, but on a re- cent examination of that species I found only 11, as in the new species, and that the fin rays of both are identical.
There are several circumstances of interest connected with this little fish. It is the smallest of all the Salmonida?, except the two genera of Scopulus and Mallotus. It is the only fish of the Salmon family besides the brook trout found in our waters, and the only species of Anadromus salmonidce that visits the Delaware and its tributaries. Whether this fish enters any fresh rivers south of Cape Henlopen is a matter of conjecture, but I have no doubt, if properly sought for, it may be found very early in the spring, in many streams falling into the Delaware, particularly in rapids or near the falls of a dam which obstructs the upward flow of the tide.
It appears to visit our waters only for the purpose of spawning, and is found at the falls below Fairmount dam for a few days in February or early in March. In those I examined a few days since, I found the milt partly dis- charged from the male and exuding in a semi-fluid state from the vent. Many of the females had cast their spawn, in others it was partially dis-
[March,
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59
charged, and the ova were found sticking to the sides of the fish as they lay- in a luap.
I have been told that these fish can be taken occasionally in February along the wharves and in the docks of the Delaware with a cast net. They are taken with cast and scoop nets at Fairmount dam. They are common and abundant at New Brunswick, New Jersey, on the Raritan, and it is said also in the Passaic, though during some winters they even there are compara- tively scarce.
It is evident from the size, shape and arrangement of the teeth, that this fish is extremely predatory, and in that respect more closely allied to the true salmon than either of the genera of Coregonus or ThymaUus.
In the examination of this fish I have ascertained a fact which is also worthy of note : it is, that the second dorsal or adipose fin (which in this fish is transparent) has about twenty minute cartilaginous rays ; they are quite distinct, and the question arises, are there not rays in the adipose fin of all the Salmonidce, though it may be covered with thick skin or fat, conceal- ing the rays. The adipose fin was given for use by the Creator, and not as a useless appendage, and without the rays how else could it be contracted or expanded, or moved from one side to the other ? It may be said that they are merely cartilaginous, but so are many of the rays, especially near the ends or border of the fins. Dr. Bridges could not discover these rays on examining this fish, as it had been dipped in alcohol, and the fin rendered opaque.
Descriptions of twelve new species of UNIONES, from Alabama.
BY ISAAC LEA.
Unio negatds. — Testa sulcata, subtriangulari. compressa, ad latere planu- lata, postice obtuse angulata, amice rotunda, subsequilaterali ; valvulis sub- crassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus subprominentibus, acutuinatis, ad apices corrugatis ; epidermide rufo-fusea, obsolete radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus sub-
grandibus, slriatia crcnulatloquo 5 Ititoralibuo ouborcxooio, cuVilonglc cubreolisque;
margarita vel alba vel rosacea et iridescente.
I/nb — Big Prairie Creek, Alibama. E. R. Showalter, M. D. And Columbus, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unio glandaceus. — Testa, laevi, subtriangulari, inflate, ina?quilaterali, postice subtriangulata, antice rotundata ; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus prominulis, crassis ; epidermide glandacea, rugosa, eradiata; dentibus cardi- nalibus magnis, valde sulcatis, ereciis ; lateralibus curtis, crassis, corrugatis, obliquis subrectisque ; margarita alba et iridescente.
Hab. — Cahawba River, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio ixstructus. — Testa la?vi, subtriangulari, subcompressa, insequilaterali, postice subbiangulata, antice rotunda ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassiori- bus ; natibus prominentibus, ad apices rugoso undulatis ; epidermide mellea, exillissime striata, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, striatis crenu- latisque; lateralibus subcurtis, striatis, obliquis subrectisque; margarita ar- gentea et iridescente.
Hab. — Cabawba River, Alabama, E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio trinacrus. — Testa, laevi, triangulari, ad umbones tumida, insequilaterali, postice angulata, antice oblique rotundata; valvulis crassis, antice et postice crassioribus; natibus prominentibus, tumidis ; epidermide fusco-virente, obso- lete radUta, striata, dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, depre^sis striatisque ; lateralibus subcurtis, percrassis, obliquis, corrugatis rectisque ; margarita ar- gentta et iridescente.
Hab. — Coosa River, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio stabilis. — Testa laevi, triangulari, valde tumida, valde inaequilaterali,
1861.J
60 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP
postice subbiangulari, antice rotundata, valvulis percrassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus valde prominentibus, tumidis, solidissimis, incurvis ; epiderrnide pal- lido-mellea, eradiata, inferne striata; deatibus cardinalibus crassiusculis, com- pressis, erectis striatisque ; lateralibus crassis, curtis, obliquis, rectis corruga- tisque ; margarita alba et iridescente.
Hab. — Coosa River, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio consanqdineus. — Tes'ii laevi, valde obliqua, antice tumida et truncata, postice compressa et obtuse angulata; valvulis crassis, antice paulisper cras- sioribus, natibus tumidis, elevatis, incurvis terminalibusque ; epiderrnide luteo- castanea, obsolete radiata, transverse vittata ; dentibus cardinalibus subgrandi- bus, striatis suhcompressisque ; lateralibus longis, crassis, corrugatis subcurvis- que ; rtiargarita argentea et iridescente.
Hab. — Etowah River. Rev. G. "White. Oostenaula River, Georgia. Bishop Elliott. And Cahawba River, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio crebrivittatus. — Testa laevi, valde obliqua, antice tumida et truncata, postice compressa rotundaque ; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus tumidis, elevatis, incurvatis terminalibusque; epiderrnide tenebroso fusca, trans- verse et crebie vittata ; dentibus cardinalibus subgrandibus, striatis corrugatis- que ; lateralibus longis, crassis, corrugatis subcurvisque ; margarita argentea et iridescente.
Hab. — Coosawattee River, Alabama. Bishop Elliott.
Unio intekventus. — Testa, laevi, subobliqua, subcompressa, inaequilaterali, postice rotundata, antice rotunda; valvulis crassiusculis, antice cnusiorihus ; natibus elevatis; epiderrnide luieo-cornea, superne radiata, inferne striata, ad umbones micanti ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, pyramidatis striatisque ; late- ralibus subcurtis, crassis, subebliquis subcurvisque; margarita argentea et Valde iridescente.
Hab. — Cahawba River, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio PALLinoFrji/vus. — Testa laevi, obliqua, tumida, valde inaequilaterali,
Jinsticf» rntnnrlu tA qntioo rotnnrli ; valvulis cras«ie, nntieo ornssioritius ; natibus
elevatis, subincurvis ; epiderrnide pallido-fulva, maculata,, inferne striata; den- tibus cardinalibus parvis, pyramidatis striatisque ; lateralibus t-ubcurtis, crassis, subobliquis ; margarita argentea et iridescente.
Hab. — Cahawba River, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio porphyreus.— Testa lam, elliptica, ventricosa, valde inaequilaterali postice obtuse biangulata, antice rotundata ; valvulis subcrassis, antice cras- sioribus; natibus prominulis ; epiderrnide rufo-fuscescente, micanti, eradiata : dentibus cardinalibus crassiusculis, corrugatis, crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis, subcrassis, corrugatis subrectisque ; margarita saturate- purpurea et valde iridescente.
Hab — Coosa River, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio perpastds. — Testa, laevi, elliptica, valde ventricosa, valde inaequilaterali, postice obtuse biangulata, antice oblique rotundata ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice paulisper crassioribus ; natibus subprominentibus, inflatis; epiderrnide luteo-fuscescente, superne micanti, inferne striata, eradiata ; dentibus cardi- nalibus parviusculis, erectis, conicis corrugatisque ; lateralibus sublougis, la- mellatis, corrugatis subcurvisque; margarita alba et iridescente.
Hab. — Coosa River, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio granulatis. — Testa plicata, elliptica, subinflata, valde inaequilaterali, postice obtuse angulata,, antice rotunda; valvulis subteuuibus, antice paulisper crassioribus, natibus prominulis, ad apices undato-granulatis ; epiderrnide tene broso-oliva, eradiata, transverse striata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, coin- pressis, obliquis, crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis, acicularis, tenuis subrectisque ; margarita, purpurascente et valde iiidescente.
Hab. — Big Prairie Creek, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
[March,
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61
Notes on new and rarer species of Diatomaceae of the United States Sea
Board.
BY F. W. LEWIS, M. D.
The present communication contains brief notices of some of the rarer and hitherto undescribed species of Diatomacese of the United States Sea Board, which have fallen under my observation during the last three years, together with a list of a few of the more characteristic and generally distributed coastal sjiecies.
The forms to be described are mostly salt-water or brackish. A few species, however, known as fresh-water will be noticed where these have been found domesticated along with the marine.
I have endeavored, as far as possible, to avoid describing species unless from perfect specimens ; carefully rejecting all doubtful and imperfect forms. Sources of error arising from the great variation in size, outline, and striation, and from the absence of certain and positive indications whereby ihe sporan- gial may be detected and classified with its typical variety, I have also en- deavored to guard against. The want, however, of several important consult- ing authorities on this branch in the Academy's Library, together with the not always satisfactory character of the material furnishing the data of this paper, often consisting of muds and mixed gatherings, must be my excuse for any errors or inadvertencies which may be found in its pages.
Among those to be described will be introduced one or two doubtful forms, probably sporangial, as Amphiprora pulchra Bailey, and extraordinary varieties of Surirella ovata and Triceratium a 1 1 e r n a n s, both of which last are figured.
It is proposed to consider the species to be noticed in the following order : 1. " New species and sporangial forms." 2. " Rare species and species not hitherto noted as belonging to this country.'''' 3. " Species characteristic of the American coast." 4. " Species of universal distribution."
The precise locality and nature of the gathering from which specimens have been derived will be indicated, excepting where species are of general distribu- tion and very abundant along the coast, along with such other distinctive characters as may be necessary for the definition of new or doubtful species ; and as it is not intended that the summary shall present a complete resume of native marine species, mention of many forms known to me not referable to one or other of the above four divisions will be omitted.
It may not here be out of place to add, that the result of my limited investi- gations convinces me that a rich and unexplored field lies open in the United States for those whose time and attention may hereafter be directed to this branch of microscopic research, a branch, until very recently, comparatively neglected in this country. Perhaps a reason for this neglect may be found in the great interest attaching to the less laborious study of the numerous fossil diatomaceous deposits of our country, and of the new and ever varying guanos so frequently finding their way to our shores. Without any intention of un- dervaluing the importance of researches on fossil botany, it may yet be doubted whether results so satisfactory and important to science are likely to accrue, as when the living forms are the subject of study. Nothing certainly would seem so well calculated to dampen the ardor of physiological inquiry as pro- longed and laborious examinations of the minute detail of the silicious skele- tons of these organisms without reference had to the kind and manner of life they once invested.
As an additional argument in favor of the study of living species it may here be mentioned that many of the fossil forms are still to be found as living spe- cies on the coast, or under circumstances which prove them to have been alive at no very remote period. It is not unusual to meet with some of these in the Delaware tidal mud, and a still larger number are to be found in the blue
1861.]
62 PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OF
clay (old aestuary) deposit immediately underlying it. Among these a few of the most common are, Eupodiscus R a lfs i i, E. argus, Coscinodiscus gigas, C. ocul-iridis, C. centralis, Triceratium s t riol atum, T. punc t a- tum, Actiniscus sirius, &c, Sceptroneis caduceus, occurs living on algae at Riviere du Loup, St. Lawrence river, Goniothecium obtusum at Black Rock Harbor, L. I.
The important question, too, of the influence of locality on the growth and development of species no where presents itself in so interesting a point of view as in this country. The large extent of its sea board, embracing every variety of climate, the continuous chains of sestuaries and sounds along the entire line of coast, and the many rivers, large and small, traversing every kind of soil from the southern alluvial to the granite ranges of the north east, offer an unsurpassed field for the study of this influence.
Although not able to pursue the subject at this time, I cannot refrain from alluding to a fact which forces itself on the mind at an early stage of these in- vestigations, viz.: the great distance from the sea at which marine influences continue to make themselves felt. Philadelphia is situated nearly a hundred miles from the ocean, and even at the period of spring tides at least fifteen miles above the faintest suspicion of brackish water, and yet quite a number of the diatoms in the Delaware at this point are pm-ely marine, and a still larger number brackish. The agency of migratory fish, as the shad and low swimming sturgeon, in bringing about this result, is no doubt important, but will not serve to explain the presence of brackish and marine species in the ditches adjoining Cooper's Creek, a tributary of the Delaware, and in Fox Chase Run, some ten miles above this city, at points not within tidal range. The old asstuary bed of the Delaware (blue clay) before alluded to, was very rich in these forms, and by digging down a short distance at any part of the meadow land bordering the river, the blue clay which contains them may be exposed. An idea which naturally suggests itself under these circumstances as a solu- tion of this paradoxical difficulty is, that possibly the telluric impression of the subjacent soil may continue to make itself felt in the development of spe- cies for a long period after the other surroundings have ceased to be favorable.
At all events it needs some other explanation than that ordinarily had re- course to viz. the hardihood of these low forms of organic life, and the agency of birds and fish to account for the permanent localization of marine species at points apparently so unsuited to their existence.
I. New species and Sporangial forms.
1. Triceratium alternans, Bailey. Sporangial ? — This somewhat doubtful form has so few of the characters of T. alternans, that but for the occur- rence of intermediate varieties the propriety of its reference to that species might seem questionable. The structure of the valve is distinctly cellular, in the smaller varieties indistinctly so, and that of the obtuse processes faintly punctate. The largest pustules attain the size of T. fa v u s.
Hab. — St. Mary's river, Ga. , in scum of a salt marsh.
2. Surirella pulchra, n sp. F. V. Linear narrow, often somewhat twisted. V. Ovate or elliptical, alse distinct, canaliculi numerous, marginal inflated as in S. fastuos a, 6 in '001, extending for about two-fifths of the distance to centre of valve, central portion smooth circumscribed on either side by a coarsely striated arcuate band with harshly defined edges, and connected with its fellow at a short distance from the end of the valve. Immediately exterior to these bands, and separating them from the inner termination of the canali- culi throughout the entire length of the valve, is a corresponding only some- what narrower arcuate smooth space. Length of valve *005 to "009. PI. I. f 1.
This very beautiful form, evidently allied to S. f a s t u o s a and S. e x i m i a, Mic. Journ., differs from both in the greater number of its canaliculi and the presence of the striated bands. In this respect it closely resembles the species next to be described.
[March
5
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63
Hah. — St. Mary's river. Ga., salt marsh and in tidal mud. Wharf at Fer- nandina, Florida, tidal deposit. Pier at St. Augustine, Florida. Rare.
3. Surirella F e b i g er ii, n. sp. F. V. As in last described. V. Ellipti- cal to linear ovate, sometimes broadly sphenoid, alse inconspicuous, canalicul i 6 a 7 in "001, straight or slightly convex, linear, reaching from the margin to a striated arcuate band situated relatively to the valves as in the preceding. Interspaces of the canaliculi strongly punctate. Central portion similar in outline to that of S. or n ata , elevated above the surface of the valve and coarsely striate. Length of valve *006 a '010. PI. I. f. 2.
The striking similarity in outline and number of canaliculi of this to the last described species, together with the correspondence in both of the arcuate striated bands, at first led me to regard these forms as merely different aspects of the same frustule (valve) ; but after careful examination of several detached valves, by reversing the slides and other manipulations, I am led to con- clude that they belong to different species. Both are very striking and showy forms, more particularly the last, whose strongly marked intercostal puncta, and the generally ornate character of its valve, make it a singularly beautiful mi- croscopic object. S. Febigeriiis pretty generally, but not abundantly, dis- tributed along the Atlantic coast. The first specimen? were detected by me two years ago in mud dredged from New London Harbor, sent me by Mr. Fe- biger, of Wilmington, Del., in honor of which careful and industrious observer I have named the species.
Hah. — New London Harbor mud, St. Mary river, mud from oysters. Wharf at Fern'andina, and more recently at Cape May salt marshes, by Mr. Febiger. From its wide range of locality it will doubtless prove a common form on the coast.
4. Surirella o v a t a , Kiitz, Sporangial ? PL I. f . 3. This variety is not un- common in salt marshes along the Jersey coast, although specimens of the size figured are very rare. A comparison with the typical species will show considerable points of difference, but these become less in frustules which ap- proximate to the normal size, although never altogether lost. It is perhaps entitled to rank as a variety of S. o v ata. Length of valve '0009 a -0050.
5. Cymatopleura m ar in a, n. sp. F. V. Linear, slightly inflated ends more or less truncate. V. Lanceolate, very acute, undulations from ti to 13. Sur- face of valve irregularly punctate. Length of valve "0007 a "GO. PL I. f. 4.
This inconspicuous little form, although not yet found in quantity, occurs at various points along Long Island Sound. As far as is known to the writer it is the only marine species.
Hab. — On alga? at New London. New Haven and Black Rock Harbors. East river (Mr. Febiger), in mud.
6. Amphiprora conser t a, n, sp. Frustules adherent in curved bands of- ten to the number of 12 or more. Frustule straight, membranaceous. F. V. Linear oblong, slightly dilated. Keel or ala central or subcentral, constricted, costate, spathulate at extremities. V. Lanceolate or lanceolate with produced extremities. PL I. f. 6.
The great variation in size, outline and general configuration of the frustules of this species, together with the fact of their being so imperfectly silicious that a boil ng in weak acid either distorts or entirely destroys the specimen, ren- ders it not improbable that this may be an early developmental form, although of what known species, if any, would be difficult to say. A smooth and very diaphanous variety of A. p a 1 u do s a occurs in the same gathering.
The " plates " alluded to by the late Prof. Gregory (Marine Diatomacese of Clyde,) as characterizing A. lepidoptera, and others of the genus, are strongly marked in this species, and serve as a point of attachment between the various frustules. Arising from the surface of the valve at a short distance from its extremity, they are broadly convex and incline somewhat outwards.
1861.]
64 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF
By the central portion of tlie outer aspect or margin of these plates, each frus- tule is united to the adjoining one on both sides, the keels or alae of all three overlapping for about one half their breadth. A nearly perfect circle is thus often formed by a union of from 8 to 12 frustules. I am not aware of any des- cription heretofore given of the union of the frustules of Amphiprora into bands or otherwise. In consequence of this arrangement, an end view of the frustule can readily be obtained.
Hab. — On marine algae (ceramium) off Light House Rocks, New London, abundant. The bands of frustules are often moulded around the smaller stems of Rhodospermeae.
7. Amphiprora Nereis, n. sp. Frustule usually twisted, hyaline, very in- conspicuous. F. V. Elliptical with rounded ends, constriction of keel or ala very deep. V. Striated, striae from 50 a 60 in '001, extending to margin of ala. Supplementary plates? crenulate or undulating, at the margin appear- ing as though perforated with small puncta. Length of valve *002 a "0045.
Hab. — On algae (Dasya e 1 e g a n s) from a brackish lake at Narragansett.
This beautiful and delicate little form I have found only at Narragansett. Its very small size, and faint markings make it so inconspicuous an object that a l-12th inch is required not only to define but even to detect the balsamed speci- mens on a moderately crowded slide. The only indication of marking arrest- ing the eye, is the lines of puncta or dots seen in PI. I. f. 6. These I at first sup- posed were portions of the ala, but after examining several specimens and fragments of broken valves it seems more probable to me that they form sup- plementary plates, arising from the ala at or near its junction with the body of the frustule, and occupying the same plane as the former.
This Amphiprora most nearly resembles A. o r n a t a Bailey, in size and markings. Many of the frustules present a goo 1 deal of the rectangularity of that species, but in other respects widely differ from it.
8. Navicula m ar g in at a, n. sp. F. V. Oblong, slightly constricted, with rounded ends. V. Panduriform deeply and abruptly constricted. Segments lanceolate with subacute extremities. Surface of valve very convex, striate, striae moniliform, distinct, about 28 in *001. Margin of valve bordered by a series of numerous small and beautifully distinct arches, apparently due to the absence or depression of the outer silicious plate, 6 in "001. Length of valve 005 to .006. PI. II. f. 1.
The only two specimens of this beautiful diatom yet found by me, were derived, the one from Black Rock Harbor, (Light House Point,) on the roots of harbor grass ; the other, an imperfect frustule, from the blue clay of the old Delaware estuary, (fossil). The former was a perfect frustule, and has furnished the drawings. It is very likely that this will hereafter prove a widely distributed species on the coast, from the fact of its occurrence with recent and fossil at points so remote from each other.
The characteristic ornate border and the peculiar striation serve to dis- tinguish it from any of the panduriform species yet figured or described.
Hab. — Blue clay, Delaware river, (fossil). Light House Point, Black Rock Harbor. On algae.
8. Navicula, n. sp. ? or sporangium ofN. rhomboides? orN. fossilis Ehr. — F. V. Linear slightly inflaied. V. Lance elliptic, striate ; striae parallel, very clear and sharp, 50 a 60 in "001 ; central line, together with nodules, very prominent. Length of valve -004 to -013. PI. II. f. 3.
This large hyaline species occurs in salt and brackish localities. It is found in the St. Mary's river, within two miles of the ocean, and on the Savannah river, below the city. Triceratium f avus is found living in the same localities. In many of its characters it is nearly allied to N. rhomboides and eras- sinervia, more particularly to Var. /?, of the first named, and, perhaps, notwithstanding its marine habitat, ought to be regarded as a sporangia! variety of one or other of these species.
[March,
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65
Hab. — Mud from oysters, St. Mary's river, Ga. Tidal mud from Savannah river. Marsh at Fernandina, Florida. Rare.
10. Navicula P o w e 1 i i, n. sp. — V. Linear, sharply attenuated at subacute extremities, striated ; striae costate, interrupted about their middle by a blank line running from end to end of the valve ; central nodule surrounded by a large lozenge-shaped blank space, reaching to the blank line as above. Length of valve -004 a -006. PI. II. f. 6.
This species is allied to Navicula 1 i n e a t a Donhin, Mic. Jour., in striation, but not in general characters. Hab. — Black Rock Harbor, on algae and on mud. Rare.
11. Mastogloia an gu lata, n. sp. — F. V. Oblong, truncate. V. Elliptical extremities slightly produced ; loculi from 8 to 12 ; striae 36 a 40 in -001, re- sembling those of Pleurosigma angulatum. Length of valve -0014 a "0035. PL II. f. 4
This species cannot be confounded -with Mastogloia apiculata, from which it differs in its more broadly elliptical shape, the smaller number of its loculi and the angular character of its striation. These specific characters are un- varying.
Hab. — On algae, from rocks off New Rochelle, Bannister's creek. Rockaway tidal mud. Stonington Inlet, on harbor grass, along with M. apiculata and